Emerging Viral Diseases The One Health Connection: Workshop Summary (2015) / Chapter Skim
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A12 Global Trends in Emerging Viral Diseases of Wildlife Origin--Jonathan Sleeman and Hon Ip
A12 Global Trends in Emerging Viral Diseases of Wildlife Origin--Jonathan Sleeman and Hon Ip
Pages 248-262
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:439-441. A12 GLOBAL TRENDS IN EMERGING VIRAL DISEASES OF WILDLIFE ORIGIN Jonathan Sleeman31 and Hon Ip31 Introduction Fifty years ago, infectious diseases were rarely considered threats to wildlife populations, and the study of wildlife diseases was largely a neglected endeavor.
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the black-footed ferret from canine distemper and sylvatic plague (for a review see Abbott et al., 2012) , and threats to Hawaiian forest birds from introduced pathogens such as avian malaria and avian pox (van Riper et al., 1986, 2002)
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Avian Influenza Wild Birds as Victims? Extensive phylogenetic analysis of avian influenza viruses has shown that wild birds do not normally harbor highly pathogenic lineages; instead waterfowl and shorebirds in particular are the reservoirs of a vast diversity of low pathogenic avian influenza (LPAI)
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. Most of the HPAI outbreaks listed in Table A12-1 were limited in geographical location and were eliminated through prompt management actions and resulted in limited wild bird
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. A similar situation occurred in South Korea over the same period, with initial detection in healthy wild birds, followed by outbreaks in poultry farms (Kim et al., 2012)
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Similarly, the nucleotide sequence of the strains of Bluetongue virus found in the European Union (EU) has been used in phylogenetic comparisons with those found elsewhere to infer possible sources of introductions (Purse et al., 2005)
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In summary, the literature reveals a complex picture of the role of migratory birds in avian influenza epidemiology, and the view that migratory birds are primarily responsible for highly pathogenic avian influenza outbreaks or drive viral diversity is too simplistic. However, knowing that influenza viruses will move from wild to domestic birds and to people, focusing on interventions such as farm biosecurity will remain key to reducing risks.
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, and simian foamy virus, the former of which resulted in a human disease of pandemic proportions in the form of human immunodeficiency virus and AIDS (Gao et al., 1999)
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Recent outbreaks of zoonotic diseases in African great apes also illustrate the potential role of infectious diseases in jeopardizing the persistence of great ape populations. Controlled contact as well as unavoidable contact between humans and great apes is increasing due to ecotourism, expanding human populations, as well as other ecologic factors such as deforestation and the bushmeat trade (Figure A12-2)
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Future Directions in Wildlife Health Early detection of emerging viral diseases in wildlife is an important component of an overall strategy to prevent, prepare for, and respond to emerging infectious diseases. A primary component is the field epidemiological capacity and network to detect and respond to unusual wildlife mortality events.
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, yet we lack the same ongoing, systematic collection of data for fish and wildlife health. Collection and integration of data from such a long-term data system with data from a variety of sources, including human and animal health data, climatic, ecologic, hydrologic, geologic, and socioeconomic data, among other sources, will allow a deeper understanding of the environmental drivers and the generation of predictive models of "hot spots" of disease emergence (Jones et al., 2008)
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Addressing emerging viral diseases is a shared leadership responsibility we all must willingly accept, and doing so will help us make significant progress. References Abbott, R
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2011b. Approaches to controlling, preventing and eliminating H5N1 highly pathogenic avian influenza in endemic countries, FAO animal production and health paper.
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outbreaks in wild birds and poultry, South Korea. Emerging Infectious Diseases 18(3)
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2012. Highly pathogenic avian influenza in Japan: Outbreaks, control measures, and roles of wild birds.
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