Healthy, Resilient, and Sustainable Communities After Disasters Strategies, Opportunities, and Planning for Recovery (2015) / Chapter Skim
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10 Healthy Housing
10 Healthy Housing
Pages 369-412
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From page 369... ...
recognized this opportunity after Hurricane Sandy by requiring that federally funded rebuilding comply with green healthy housing standards (discussed in further detail below)
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For example, many residences fail to meet key principles of healthy housing, including proper ventilation (both adequate fresh air and its distribution) , moisture and mold control, proper maintenance, integrated
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Two important recent developments are relevant to disaster-related housing recovery operations: (1) the issuance in 2014 of the National Healthy Housing Standard (APHA and NCHH, 2014)
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Green Housing Standards and Health Energy conservation often is the driving force behind the adoption of "green" building standards in residential structures, but it also has been bolstered by the promise of ancillary environmental health benefits for the building occupants. According to the World Health Organization (WHO)
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From page 373... ...
. Moisture control, ventilation, and chemical source control are therefore essential elements for healthy housing in the context of disaster recovery (HHS, 2009)
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From page 374... ...
and percent with well-controlled asthma, rescue medication use, days with limited physical activity due to asthma, nights with asthma symptoms, and number of asthma attacks Strain on Capacity The sudden destruction of large proportions of a community's housing stock as the result of a disaster places a considerable burden on the housing sector during recovery. Repair, rehabilitation, and new construction of housing stock that would otherwise take years must be accomplished at a greatly accelerated pace to meet needs for both human and economic recovery.
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HOUSING SECTOR ORGANIZATION AND RESOURCES Government agencies, nongovernmental organizations, and private businesses all play key roles in ensuring that safe and affordable housing is available to support the health of all members of a community. Through their specific responsibilities, each has a function that may be utilized to ensure the availability of resilient healthy housing after a disaster.
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From page 376... ...
. In past disasters such as Hurricane Sandy, FEMA and HUD have jointly implemented the Disaster Housing Assistance Program (DHAP)
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The strategy emphasizes the importance of collaboration among government, nongovernmental organizations, and the private sector. At the federal level, interagency collaboration on the strategy's implementation is facilitated by the FEMA-led National Disaster Housing Task Force, and an implementation plan for the strategy was released in 2010.
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From page 378... ...
Partnering Organizations and Cross-Sector Collaboration As stated in the National Disaster Housing Strategy, success in disaster housing requires "genuine collaboration and cooperation among the various local, State, tribal, and Federal partners, nongovernmental organizations, and the private sector to meet the needs of all disaster victims" (FEMA, 2009a)
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Finally, representatives of public health must be at the table to assess the health risks and benefits of various housing recovery strategies. For example, they may suggest healthy housing criteria for rebuilding, or propose innovative ways of incorporating health into community rebuilding, such as including bike paths or recreational facilities.
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Prior to a disaster, this task force is responsible for • performing vulnerability assessments; • developing an understanding of existing resources of the salient organizations; and • developing plans, programs, and procedures to enable rapid rebuilding of healthy housing. Representation on this task force should include a broad range of agencies and community organizations.
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. Coordinate local, state, and federal disaster housing programs including the Federal Emergency Management Agency's (FEMA's)
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Identifying Pre-Disaster Plans, Programs, and Procedures Prior to a disaster, the disaster housing task force should establish an inventory of existing local plans, ordinances, programs, and procedures relevant to housing during long-term recovery (Hillsborough County Government, 2010)
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HEALTHY HOUSING 383 TABLE 10-3 Hillsborough County, Florida, Pre-Disaster Housing Recovery: Primary Plans, Programs, and Procedures Plan/Program/Procedure Purpose Lead Entity Affordable Housing Density Bonuses Encourages developers to build at Hillsborough County Planning and higher density, promoting efficient Growth Management; Hillsborough use of land and preservation of open County Affordable Housing Department space Community Development Block Provides communities with resources Hillsborough County Affordable Grant to address a wide range of unique Housing Department; City of Tampa community development needs Growth Management and Development Department Density Bonuses/Transfer of Promote development in specific Hillsborough County Planning and Development Rights Program areas Growth Management; Hillsborough County City-County Planning Commission Disaster Temporary Housing Plan Formation, membership, and tasks Disaster Temporary Housing Committee of the Disaster Temporary Housing Committee; temporary housing criteria, and siting criteria Hillsborough County Land Temporary housing regulations Hillsborough County Planning and Development Code, Section 6 Growth Management HOME Investment Partnership Develops affordable housing for low- Hillsborough County Affordable Program and moderate-income citizens Housing Department Homeowner Rehabilitation Program Provides assistance to homeowners to Hillsborough County Affordable meet minimum housing standards Housing Department; City of Tampa Growth Management and Development Department Neighborhood Stabilization Program Stabilizes communities that have Hillsborough County Affordable suffered from foreclosures and Housing Department abandonment through the purchase and redevelopment of foreclosed and abandoned homes and residential properties Post-Disaster Redevelopment Determination of damage, build-back Hillsborough County Redevelopment Ordinance 93-20 Section 5 policy, moratoria, and emergency Task Force Procedures repairs Community Land Trust Provides access to affordable Florida Community Land Trust Institute housing in high cost, service-industry dependent areas while keeping housing affordable for future residents Homelessness Prevention and Rapid Provides financial assistance and Homeless Coalition of Hillsborough Re-Housing Program services to prevent individuals and County; City of Tampa Growth families from becoming homeless Management and Development Department State Housing Initiatives Partnership Incentive to produce and preserve Hillsborough County Affordable affordable housing for low- and Housing Department; City of Tampa moderate-income families Growth Management and Development Department SOURCE: Hillsborough County Government, 2010.
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The sections below review the health considerations that should be incorporated into decision making during recovery to prevent unintended negative health consequences and to promote health and well-being as communities work to meet post-disaster housing needs for survivors. Assessing Housing Needs Assessment (including quantification)
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Financial institutions, developers, and contractors also have key roles to play in enforcing decisions on which areas should not contain rebuilt housing, as well as on the quality of rebuilt housing and its compliance with green and healthy housing standards. Protecting Homeowners and Recovery Workers Against Health Risks In any effort to conduct repairs, the health and safety of recovery workers must be protected.
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From page 386... ...
. Guidance on mold mitigation in the context of disasters is available from many sources, including the National Center for Healthy Housing (2008)
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Key principles of healthy housing that should be applied to temporary post-disaster housing include proper ventilation (both adequate fresh air and its distribution) , moisture and mold control, maintenance,
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11. Fire/carbon monoxide safety: Both conditions below must be met to meet this standard.
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NOTE: The figure on the left shows the typical arrangement of Federal Emergency Management Agency (FEMA) trailers after Hurricane Katrina, which provided little space and opportunity for social interaction among residents, in contrast to the proposed arrangement on the right, where a quad-style layout is designed to promote social connectedness.
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From page 390... ...
As stated in Chapter 3, a recovery plan that addresses the special needs of vulnerable populations -- and preferably includes these residents in the planning process -- is critical to the recovery of the entire community. Meeting the needs of vulnerable populations may require pre- and post-disaster coordination among emergency management, social services, health care, the housing sector, and others.
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From page 391... ...
If homeless populations are disconnected before disasters, the impact of the disaster often puts them farther out of reach of disaster recovery safety nets. Disasters also create newly homeless populations as a result of a multitude of factors, including lost employment, destruction of affordable housing, and associated rent increases.
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Many of the homes that were destroyed were rebuilt using green building standards, as well as hazard mitigation features such as storm shelters and bolting of the structure to concrete. Some homes incorporated a wall system capable of withstanding winds up to 195 miles per hour.
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. This important development shows that using green healthy housing standards in the context of disaster recovery is feasible and can be accomplished at the programmatic level.
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Permitting processes can also be used as incentives to encourage green building by giving priority to developers that use green and healthy housing standards (Hillsborough County Government, 2010)
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Special considerations related to buyouts are discussed in Chapter 9. Ensuring Adequate Affordable Healthy Housing Affordability is a key component of healthy housing and healthy neighborhoods.
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; and • using green or healthy building standards as additional "points" in a competitive bidding program for developers seeking to build. One consideration, however, is that there must be a need for the type of housing that is incentivized; otherwise, there will be an imbalance in housing stock supply and demand.
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. RESEARCH NEEDS Although there is a fair amount of evidence on the link between health and housing, more research is needed in the post-disaster context, particularly to produce • evidence of improved outcomes resulting from a collaborative approach to housing recovery that integrates design, social/behavioral, and health perspectives; • temporary housing strategies that improve social connectedness and associated impacts on health; • evidence of the link between health outcomes and post-disaster housing reconstruction that complies with green healthy housing building standards; and • knowledge of the key barriers to adoption of green building standards for post-disaster housing reconstruction.
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• Engage community members, including representatives of and advocates for vulnerable populations, in the development of post-disaster housing plans to ensure that the needs of all community members are met.
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£ Ensure that key health and social services organizations are represented on the disaster housing task force. Priority: Conduct Vulnerability and Capacity Assessments, Including an Inventory of Existing Plans and Housing Stock Primary Actor: Disaster Housing Task Force Key Partners: Housing Agencies, Urban and Regional Planning Agencies, Community Devel opment Organizations, Emergency Management Agencies, State/Local Health Departments, Social Services Agencies, Private Sector (including Housing Manufacturers, Providers, and Developers)
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£ Inventory the local plans, programs, or procedures that are relevant to housing during long-term recovery to identify opportunities to leverage existing programs, including those already serving vulnerable populations. Priority: Plan for Siting of Temporary Housing Primary Actor: Disaster Housing Task Force Key Partners: Urban and Regional Planning Agencies, Community Development Organiza tions, State/Local Health Departments, Transportation Agencies, Social Services Agencies, Public Works and Utilities, Private Sector, Federal Agencies (including FEMA)
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• Consider needs for access to health and social services during all phases of housing recovery. • Engage community members, including representatives of and advocates for vulnerable populations, in the development of post-disaster housing plans to ensure that the needs of all community members are met.
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Key Partners: Private Sector (including Land and Housing Owners) , State/Local Health De partments, Social Services Agencies, Transportation Agencies Key Recovery Strategies: • Protect survivors and recovery workers from health hazards associated with unhealthy or unsafe housing.
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£ Utilize FEMA's Rental Repair Program to repair rental housing and make it available to disaster victims. £ Make sure new or repaired units comply with the National Healthy Housing Standard and applicable housing codes.
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, Environmental Health Agencies, Emergency Management Agencies, Urban and Regional Planning Agencies, Community Development Organizations Key Recovery Strategies: • Protect survivors and recovery workers from health hazards associated with unhealthy or unsafe housing. • Preserve and promote social connectedness in plans for immediate response, short-term housing, and long-term rebuilding.
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From page 405... ...
Priority: Ensure Adequate Affordable Healthy Housing Primary Actors: Elected Officials and Community Leaders, Housing Agencies Key Partners: Community- and Faith-Based Organizations, Federal Agencies (including HUD) , Community Development Organizations, Private Sector (including Developers)
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From page 406... ...
2014. National healthy housing standard.
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2006. Healthy housing reference manual.
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2014a. Moving into green healthy housing.
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2013. The implications of post disaster recovery for affordable housing.
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:454-461. National Center for Healthy Housing.
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From page 411... ...
Paper presented at IOM Committee on Post-Disaster Recovery of a Community's Public Health, Medical, and Social Services: Meeting Two, February 3, Washington, DC. Spokane, A
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