Industrialization of Biology A Roadmap to Accelerate the Advanced Manufacturing of Chemicals (2015) / Chapter Skim
Currently Skimming:
Summary
Summary
Pages 1-12
The Chapter Skim interface presents what we've algorithmically identified as the most significant single chunk of text within every page in the chapter.
Select key terms on the right to highlight them within pages of the chapter.
From page 1... ...
The committee was charged to "develop a roadmap of necessary advances in basic science and engineering capabilities, including knowledge, tools and skills," while "working at the interface of synthetic chemistry, metabolic engineering, molecular biology and synthetic biology" and "considering when and how to integrate non-technological insights and societal concerns into the pursuit of the technical challenges." The full statement of task can be found in Box 1-1. While the central focus of this report and roadmap is on industrial biotechnology, many of the roadmap goals, conclusions, and recommendations herein will also benefit other sectors, including health, energy, and agriculture.
|
From page 2... ...
For example, these processes may help reduce toxic by-products, greenhouse gas emissions, and fossil fuel consumption in chemical production. L owered costs, increases in production speed, flexibility of manufacturing plants, and increased production capacity are among the many potential benefits that the increased industrialization of biology may bring to producers and consumers of chemical products that have not been previously available at scale.
|
From page 3... ...
This has rapidly increased the scale and sophistication of genetic engineering projects, and in the near term this will lead to more complex chemical structures and composite nano materials, which require precise control over dozens of genes. Examples of this include mining drug candidates from the human microbiome, pesticides from environmental samples, and the production of metal nanoparticles for electronics and medical devices.
|
From page 4... ...
In the future production of chemicals, industrial chemical synthesis will frequently take advantage of both biosynthesis and traditional chemical synthetic steps, employing each so as to optimize the overall synthetic pathway.
|
From page 5... ...
Scientific and engineering challenges remain, particularly in the areas of feedstocks, enabling transformations, and the development of an integrated design toolchain. Today, the feedstock for biomanufacturing chemicals is fermentable sugars from starch.
|
From page 6... ...
The recommendations and roadmap goals outlined throughout this report were all conceived in the context of this vision and are designed with the understanding that, in order for the industrialization of biology to be fully realized, the use of biological and chemical routes must be thought of as equals. That does not imply that each would be used interchangeably, but rather that biological options would be considered in the same way individual chemical reactions are considered when developing a synthetic route.
|
From page 7... ...
While the roadmap is clearly designed to push forward industrial biotechnology, there are many aspects of fundamental research that are needed, and described in this report, that can be applied broadly to other fields, such as health, energy, and agriculture. The technical roadmap is broken down into six main categories that follow along the production model outlined in the chemical manufacturing flowchart (Figure 1-1)
|
From page 8... ...
In light of this issue and to better enable implementation of the technical goals set forth, a series of recommendations relating to Economic, Education and Workforce, and Governance issues are shown in Table S-2. As an example, this and many other reports discuss the bioeconomy and its contribution to the overall economy on several occasions; however, the term "bioeconomy" is poorly defined and can lead to confusion.
|
From page 9... ...
• Unlike many traditional chemical processes, industrial biotechnology generates large aqueous process streams that require efficient mechanisms for product isolation and for efficient water reuse. Design Toolchain • The development and use of a robust integrated design toolchain across all scales of the process -- individual cells, cells inside reactor, and the fermentation reactor itself -- is an important step in bringing biomanufacturing onto the same level as traditional chemical manufacturing.
|
From page 10... ...
First, engagement with the public will be a key factor in the acceptance of the technology and the conveying industries right to operate, as has been started with many groups in the United Kingdom and United States. Secondly, key government stakeholders will have to address and ensure that governance needs are being met, and continually assess whether the correct stance is being taken.
|
From page 11... ...
1 Y EAR 2 YEARS 3 YE AR S 4 YEARS 5 YEAR S 6 YEARS 7 YEARS 8 YEARS 9 YEARS 10 YEARS Carbon sources, including lignin, syngas, Carbon sources, including fermentable sugars methane, methanol, formate, and CO 2 , in SUMMARY Carbon sources, including fermentable sugars derived from soft derived from soft and hard cellulose, at $0.40 addition to fermentable sugars, at $0.30 cellulose, at $0.50 per kilogram per kilogram per kilogram Consistently and reliably achieve Develop tools to scale up fermenter productivity 10g/L-hr Operating process for an economically viable any bio-production process at steady state or following the bioreactor for gaseous feedstocks and/or products in 6 weeks growth in batch All bio-aqueous processes achieve 90% reuse of All bio-aqueous processes achieve 95% reuse All bio-aqueous processes achieve 80% reuse of process water process water of process water Integrated design toolchain for designing a Integrated design toolchain for designing Integrated design toolchain for designing a biomanufacturing biomanufacturing process at and below the an entire biomanufacturing process process at and below the level of an individual organism level of an individual biological reactor Ability to insert 1 megabase of wholly designed, synthetic DNA at an error rate of less than 1 in 100,000 base pairs, at cost $100, in 1 week Ability to design de novo enzymes with new catalytic activities with a high turnover rate Domestication of an additional 10 Domestication of 5 diverse industrially relevant microbial types and microbial types other than the ability to domesticate any microbial Achieve domestication of any established models type within 3 months microbial type within 6 weeks Suite of domesticated organisms and cell-free systems that can utilize diverse feedstocks and generate a range of products under various process conditions Ability to routinely measure nucleic acids, proteins, and metabolites targeted to characterize 50 or more high-priority, selectable model parameters for 2,000 strains and measure 1,000 or more parameters for 200 strains within 1 week at a cost no higher than the full cost of building those strains Ability to measure 50 or more high priority, selectable model parameters in vivo FEEDSTOCKS AND FERME NTATIO N DESIGN ORGANISM: ORGANISM: TEST AND PR E-PRO CESSING AND PROCESSING TOOLCHAIN PATHWAYS CHASSIS MEASUREMENT FIGURE S-1 Technical roadmap to enable the industrialization of biology. 11 NOTE: A larger version of this roadmap can be found as a foldout at the end of this book.
|
From page 12... ...
Therefore, the Committee recommends that the relevant government agencies consider establishment of an ongoing road-mapping mechanism to provide direction to technology development, translation, and commercialization at scale. As outlined in Chapter 5, a road-mapping activity, maintained in an evergreen fashion, could serve as a catalyst for many of the roadmap goals and recommendations in this report and could foster productive collaborations among diverse stakeholder groups.
|
Key Terms
This material may be derived from roughly machine-read images, and so is provided only to facilitate research.
More
information on Chapter Skim is available.