Nutrition Issues in Developing Countries Part I: Diarrheal Diseases, Part II: Diet and Activity During Pregnancy and Lactation (1992) / Chapter Skim
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6 Impact of Physical Activity and Diet on LActation
6 Impact of Physical Activity and Diet on LActation
Pages 175-186
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From page 175... ...
Although dietary intake may alter selected milk components, milk protein, carbohydrate, and total fat appear to be folly unaffected unless the diet becomes excessively restnctive. It is more difficult to provide an unambiguous definition of physical activity than the term's familiangr may suggest.
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From page 176... ...
INFLUENCE OF PHYSICAL AClIVrIY ON FAT STORAGE DURING PREGNANCY AND I^CTATION Bet ause the nutrient demands of physical activity are closely associated with energy, concern arises for the sufficiency of maternal energy stores at the end of a physically active woman's pregnancy. AS reviewed earner in thin report, a significant proportion of weight gained dunag pregnancy represents maternal adipose tissue.
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From page 177... ...
Fat and glucose derived Tom protein are oxidized Mediately or stored in either adipose tissue or glycogen. If dietary carbohydrate and excess protein can be redirected to the production of milk, and if a corresponding amount of stored fat can be substituted in He other usual metabolic pathways that produce energy, the 2 to 4 kg of fat accumulated during pregnancy should suffice for 1 to Z5 months of milk production without concurrent reductions in prepregnanc:y maternal stores.
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From page 179... ...
Lois chain of events, though plausible, is speculative; few data obtained In human experiments are available to assess its accuracy. Nonetheless, if physical activity dung pregnancy helps to maintain lower baseline insulin levels in the postpartum state' this mechanism may promote increased milk production and thereby modulate other factors that affect lactation performance adversely.
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From page 180... ...
The interactive effects, however, between physical activity dunag pregnancy and lactation and the accumulation and use of fat stores ~ each physiologic state have not been descanted. INFLUENCE: OF PlIYSICAL ACl1VII Y DURING PREGNANCY ON .1~ ~llCIENCY OF MILK PRODUCTION There are no apparent physiologic mechanisms through which physical activity dung pregnancy is expected to affect the efficiency of mid synthesis in the subsequent postpartum period.
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From page 181... ...
FIELD STUDIO AND LACTATION PERFORMANCE Lactation in well- and marginally nourished women with distinct acting patterns has been assessed in field studies. For example, Gambian women were reported to consume approximately 1,600 kcal/day and to lose approximately 500 to 600 kcaVday in milk (Prentice et al., 1981)
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From page 182... ...
The volume of milk produced by the Gambian women appears similar to that produced by North American women who consume approximately 600 additional kcaVday and presumably have lower work loads. Similar calculations of energy available to North American women suggest that after basal needs are met, 300 kcal/day remain for activity (Butte et al., 1984~.
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From page 183... ...
The Gambian studies also included assessments of the ejects of dietary supplementation on milk volume and quality (Prentice et al., 1983~. When a food supplement was added to the mothers diets, their energy intakes were increased from 1,568 kcaUday to 2,291 kcaVday.
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From page 184... ...
Nonetheless, a disparity in available data is endent from renews such as those of Jelli~e, in which impaired lactation performance Is reported in maritally nourished women, some with presumably heavy work loads (Jelli~e and Jeiliffe, 1978~. Recent reports, such as that of Manjrekar et al.
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From page 185... ...
The added demands of physical activity impose greater nutritional needs on the mother, and the maintenance of higher sympathetic "tone" may impair mammary gland function. Although this Is highly speculative, there is little question of the need for sound experiments that define lactation physiology in humans.
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From page 186... ...
1979. Ike quantitative effects of maternal dietary energy intake on pregnant y and lactation in rural Gambian women.
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