Nutrition Issues in Developing Countries Part I: Diarrheal Diseases, Part II: Diet and Activity During Pregnancy and Lactation (1992) / Chapter Skim
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3 Relationships Between Nutrition and Diarrhea
3 Relationships Between Nutrition and Diarrhea
Pages 21-42
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From page 21... ...
When infections are frequent, espea ally recurrent diarrheas diseases, the interaction may become circular, with an increasing Sequencer of ~nfection-and a parallel and progressive deterioration in host nutritional status that proceeds to overt protein energy malrautridon if the cycle is not interrupted (Keusch and Scrimshaw, 1986~. Acute, repetitive, or chronic infections are invariably the cause of some degree of nutrient losses due to associated anorexia, catabolism of nutrient stores, and malabsorption due to intesimal infection.
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From page 22... ...
(1984b) studied the relationship of nutritional status and subsequent diarrheas disease morbidly in 197 Bangladeshi children ~ a longitudinal, community-based investigation.
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From page 23... ...
recently renewed this topic and found that results of most available studies are inconclusive because the study designs did not allow dis~nation between the preventative and the therapeutic effects of feeding on melt utrition animated with d~anheal disease. Cause of He close association between diarrhea!
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From page 24... ...
Bacteremia is, in turn, associated with age (patients who are less than 1 year of age) , weaning, and nutritional status.
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From page 25... ...
Mata (1978) carried out prospective studies of growth and disease in a cohort of Mayan Indian children who were studied intensively from birth to 3 years of age, Diarrheal diseases were very frequent and were strongly associated with diminished food intake and growth faltering.
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From page 26... ...
disease does. HUMAN MII ~ AND DIARRHEAL DISEASES Comparisons of morbidity between human milk-fed and fonnula-fed infants have demonstrated that there are significantly fewer or less severe illnesses in breastfed infants (Cunningham, 1979; Duffel et al., 1986; Grulee et al., 1934; Mata et al., 1967; Woodbu~y, 1922)
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From page 27... ...
The major functioning important whey proteins are lactoferrin and slg~ Lactofemn is a non-antigen-specific factor. It binds iron avidly, and thereby presumably limits iron availability to bacteria (Griffiths and Humphreys, 1977~.
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From page 28... ...
Available studies suggest that milk volume is more sensitive to maternal nutritional status than is milk composition (Garza and Butte, 1985~. Most studies have focused on total nitrogen, lactose, and fat.
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From page 29... ...
The effects on lactation performance of superimposing high levels of activity on a woman with a marginal nutritional status were investigated in The Gambia. Breast milk composition remained relatively stable through all periods of the year, but breast milk output was minimal during the fanning season, when activity was highest.
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From page 30... ...
A positive effect on milk volume was reported with protein supplementation. Manipulation of Immunologic Protein Factors ir' Oilman Milk Maternal nutritional status appears to influence the concentrations and total amounts of immunologically active proteins produced in human milk, but available data are inconsistent.
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From page 31... ...
WEANING FOODS Following the period during which exclusive breastfeeding can support adequate growth, improvement In the nutritional status of target populations through feeding interventions requires the timely introduction of nutritious complementary foods and improved dietary therapy of common childhood illnesses. Planning each of these interventions requires, in turn, knowledge of locally available foods; the nutritional content and quality of these foods; and the social, economic, cultural, and seasonal constraints to their appropriate use under different circumstances.
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From page 32... ...
Cereals are important quantitative sources of protein, but their protein quality is limited by the inadequate content of selected essential amino acids (WHO, 1985~. Tubers, like cereals, have a high starch content and may contain reasonably good levels of protein.
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From page 33... ...
Dark pigmented fruits and vegetables are major sources of vitamin A precursors and provide ascorbic acid, folic acid, other B vitamins, iron, and other minerals. Dairy products contain readily digestible protein of excellent quality and are rich in calcium and vitamins.
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From page 34... ...
Until recently, little information has been available regarding the relationship between growth during infancy and the Noel volumes and composition of human milk consumed in the first 4 to 6 months of life by breastfed infants (butte et al., 1984b; Chandra, 1981; Dewey and LOnnerdal, 1982; Picianno et al, 1981~. This has prevented the resolution of apparent discrepancies between the projected volumes of milk required to meet energy and protein requirements estimated by factorial approaches and the volumes of milk consumed by apparently healthy infants (Waterlow and Thomson, 1979~.
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From page 35... ...
That conclusion, however, is based on the acceptance of NCHS growth curves as normative standards, despite their derivation from obser ations of infants who were principally formula-fed. The general persistence of negative trends in growth percentiles of breastfed infants whose diets are supplemented ad libitum with solid foods and who live in favorable environments suggests that NCHS growth curves may not be appropriate and that as a result health practitioners may identity growth faltering prematurely.
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From page 36... ...
Available studies suggest that maternal nutritional status influences the volume of milk that is produced and may influence its composition. Assessments of the effects of maternal supplementation on lactation performance, however, neither support nor refute a positive effect of this type of intervention.
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From page 37... ...
1986. Lactational capacity of marginally nourished mother: Relationships between maternal nutritional status and quantify and proximate composition of milk.
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From page 38... ...
1984. Influence of dietary supplementation during lactation on lactation performance.
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From page 39... ...
1967. Diarrheal disease in a cohort of Guatemalan village children observed from birth to age two years.
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From page 40... ...
1983. Effect of maternal nutritional status on immunological substances in human colostrum and mite Am.
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From page 41... ...
Nutritional status and severity of diarrhoea among pre-school children in rural Nigeria. Lancet 7:860-86~ Trowbndge, F1-, LH.
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