U.S.-Japan Technology Linkages in Biotechnology Challenges for the 1990s (1992) / Chapter Skim
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2. TECHNOLOGY LINKAGES-DEFINITIONS AND APPROACHES TO ANALYSIS
2. TECHNOLOGY LINKAGES-DEFINITIONS AND APPROACHES TO ANALYSIS
Pages 5-12
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From page 5... ...
This report was compiled to assess the nature, scope, and impacts of technology linkages between the United States and Japan in biotechnology and to outline policy issues for government, industry, and universities. The major focus is on commercial biotechnology_the use of biotechnological tools to develop and manufacture products for the market.
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, for example, generated $200 million in revenues for Amgen in its first full year of sales in 1990. Amgen carried out research to bring this product to the clinical trial stage for approximately 3 years, and it took another 3 years to complete clinical teals and obtain regulatory approval before going to market.7 Because of the importance of fundamental research to firms seeking to commercialize biotechnology, the working group decided to include in its analysis linkages formed between Japanese firms and research laboratories at U.S.
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White, Biotechnology Guide USA (London: MacMillan, 1991) , for a list of 742 biotechnology firms and 142 corporations involved in biotechnology in the United States.
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As will be discussed in more detail in the following section, technology linkages between companies are the most prominent and most studied types_both domestically and internationally_but the degree of actual technology transfer involved varies greatly and must be evaluated on a case-by-case basis. Other types of linkages relevant to a study of commercial biotechnology include relationships between companies and universities, national research laboratories, and biotechnology centers.
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Realities such as these complicate analysis of technology linkages and must be kept in mind. To assess technology linkages between the United States and Japan in biotechnology, the working group developed a multidimensional matrix (see Figure 2~.
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First, Japan is now a technological superpower, and the United States and Japan must develop new modes of interacting that involve reciprocal transfers of Japanese technology and manufacturing expertise and/or commensurate contributions to basic research, the source of much of the technology. While the standard assumption is that Japan lags behind the United States in biotechnology, a study by the U.S.
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A good deal of attention has been paid to structural differences in industrial organization and markets in Japan and the United States. Japan's biotechnology industry contrasts with the U.S.
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and European firms. Fortunately, the research carried out by members of the NRC working group and others on U.S.-European linkages can be drawn on to set the context and form contrasts and comparisons.~7 There is no guarantee that the future will repeat recent experience_that the United States will maintain a competitive edge.
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