Dolphins and the Tuna Industry (1992) / Chapter Skim
Currently Skimming:
2 Some Policy and Economic Considerations
2 Some Policy and Economic Considerations
Pages 22-33
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From page 22... ...
government has been involved in some form of tuna-policy negotiations since the 1940s and in formal regulatory activity concerning tuna fisheries since the 1960s. These laws and activities include the founding of IATTC in 1949 and the Tuna Conventions Act of 1950; the Fishermen's Protective Act (1954~; the International Commission on the Conservation of Atlantic Tunas and the Atlantic Tuna Conventions Act (1975~; the U.S.Canada Pacific Albacore Treaty (1982~; the South Pacific Tuna Act (1988~; and others (Orbach and Maiolo,1989~.
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From page 23... ...
For a number of reasons the attention of the commission has since expanded to include other large pelagic species such as billfish and coord~nation of certain international marine mammal conservation efforts (Joseph and Greenough, 1979~. Beginning in the early 1960s, IAITC recommended a series of yellowfin tuna quotas to be implemented through seasonal closures in the commissions 150 140 130 120 1 10 100 90 80 .
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All nations fishing for tuna in the ETP participate in the IATTC tuna-dolphin program, which includes the observer program, programs to reduce dolphin mortality through diagnosis and solution of gear problems, and training programs for captains and crews. fishery Conservation and Management Act The FCMA is the principal U.S.
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Some Policy and Economic Considerations 20° coos 80° ~ .
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Two exceptions were made to the moratorium. The first exception was taking marine mammals for subsistence or traditional native handicraft purposes by native Americans, and the second was taking marine mammals in the course of commercial fishing operations.
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embargoes of tuna products from countries that do not have marine mammal protection regulations comparable to U.S. regulations or whose performance with regard to dolphin mortality exceeds the standard set by the U.S.
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tuna vessels. The most significant organization assisting the other ETP fishing nations in the dolphin monitoring and protection effort has been IATTC, which runs an observer program in which ETP fishing nations cooperate on a voluntary basis.
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, so the annual tuna harvest from all oceans could increase if all the world's tuna fisheries were fully exploited. Not all of the world's tuna resources can be exploited commercially using current fishing methods, so the annual harvest from world tuna fisheries may never reach the global maximum sustainable yield.
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From page 30... ...
tuna boats at a competitive disadvantage in terms of harvesting costs during this period when the growing global tuna harvest was holding down raw tuna prices and canners had many new supply sources. According to IA11C and NMFS data, the U.S.-flag high-seas tuna purse-seine fleet
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However, during the early 1980s, high-priced canned tuna in the United States and abundant low-cost raw tuna supplies from the western Pacific and Indian Ocean fishing grounds attracted many Asian nations to begin processing tuna to meet U.S. canned tuna standards.
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To the extent that attempts by the United States to reduce dolphin mortality increase costs or reduce productivity for U.S. vessels, these vessels will lose what little competitive advantage they have in the ETP tuna fishery and are likely to be sold to foreign investors to remain competitive.
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From page 33... ...
sets forth requirements for labeling of tuna as dolphin-safe and requires the Secretary of State to "immediately seek, through negotiations and discussions with appropriate foreign governments, to reduce and, as soon as possible, eliminate the practice of harvesting tuna through the use of purse seine nets intentionally deployed to encircle dolphins." The committee believes the effects of the changes could be substantial, with the greatest impact probably on U.S. boats (see Sakagawa, 1991)
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