Biographical Memoirs Volume 61 (1992) / Chapter Skim
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Frederik William Holder Zachariasen
Frederik William Holder Zachariasen
Pages 516-556
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From page 517... ...
His contributions to theory inclucle papers on temperature diffuse scattering of x-rays, on stacking clisorcler, on the phase problem, and on extinction including the Borrmann effect. Each of these theoretical efforts was followecl by careful experimental investigations to establish the correctness of the theory he hac!
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From page 518... ...
518 BIOGRAPHICAL MEMOIRS ing scientists of the twentieth century, and at the top in the field of inorganic crystal structures." Robert Penneman of the Los Alamos Scientific Laboratory saicI (1975) , "The breadth of his contributions is enormous; there is no major advance in crystalography in one half century that does not bear his mark." Bernd T
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From page 519... ...
He was then appointed assistant professor at the University of Oslo, but was granted a leave for 192829 to accept a Rockefeller Foundation Fellowship to study with Sir Lawrence Bragg at Manchester University in England. After his postdoctoral at Manchester, Willie returned to Oslo.
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From page 520... ...
Schein from 1929-31 as a Rockefeller Foundation fellow, Elmar Dershem from 1929-42 as a research associate, and John H Williams from 1931-33 as a National Research Council fellow.
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From page 521... ...
A typical procedure for such trips was for Willie anct Sam Allison to take one car, anti as many of their students as possible and heacl for the meeting. If the meeting was to be in Washington, D.C., for example, they wouIcl stop overnight at the Gamma Alpha house (scientific fraternity)
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From page 522... ...
Many who were involved in that project feel that it Would have taken much more time to do these jobs if it had not been for Willie's insight and genius in crystal structure determination. Late in 1945 Willie first accepted administrative duties.
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From page 523... ...
Willie, with the support of the physics faculty, to invite Maria G Mayer to become a volunteer professor of physics, since the university's nepotism rules at that time forbacle two members of one family hoicling faculty positions.
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His best friend Sam Allison hac! ctied of complications from phlebitis a few years earlier.
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From page 525... ...
He kept quite active in research through his contacts with associates in the Los Alamos scientific laboratories, mainly his friends Finley H Ellinger ant!
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From page 526... ...
He hacI two assistants while he was working for the Manhattan Project: Wallace Koehier and Ann Plettinger. KoehIer stayed with Willie for a few years after WorIcl War II working toward a Ph.D., but he clic!
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From page 527... ...
Willie loved the woods, the water, the portages, the fishing, the cooking, and most of all the repartee with these close friends. After Willie's two heart attacks in 1949 the frequency of these canoeing trips dropped off.
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From page 528... ...
During his postcloctoral period with Sir Lawrence Bragg in Manchester University, Willie learned the Bragg technique of measuring the intensities of reflections from single crystals by means of ionization chambers, en c! the use of those measurements to derive Fourier diagrams (twoclimensional representations)
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From page 529... ...
Inorganic Crystals Willie's interest in the structure of inorganic crystals in general and the reasons for variations in those structures become apparent in his years in OsIo. He ctict not just study the mineral Wurtzite (ZnS)
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From page 530... ...
In his 1931 paper on XO3 groups he showed that XO3 groups having twenty-four valence electrons, e.g., (NO31-~, (CO31-2, and (BO31-3, have coplanar structure, while those having 26 valence electrons, e.g., (PO31~3, (SO31-2, (ClO31-~, (AsO3~-3, (ScO31-2, (BrO31~~, and (SbO31-3, are pyramidal. In a 1932 paper entitled "Note on a Relation Between the Atomic Arrangement in Certain Compounds, Groups and Molecules and the Number of Valence Electrons," he refined these ideas.
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From page 531... ...
Willie also showed that the persuIphate group could be described as two SO4 groups linked together by a covalent bond between two of the oxygen atoms SO3OOSO3 and that the trithionate group could be described as two SO3 groups bonded to a common suiphur atom SO3SSO3. Such generalizations had obvious implications for later investigators who investigated other compounds containing these groups.
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From page 532... ...
metaboric acid ,BH(BO2) , orthorhombic, to have the same borate structure Willie tract found for K(BO2~.
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From page 533... ...
This example of one of Willie's areas of interest well illustrates the depth and breadth of each of Willie's investigators. Atomic and Ionic Radii In 1932 Willie published a paper entitled "A Set of Empirical Crystal Radii for Ions with Inert Gas Configuration," in which he compared empirically calculated values for these parameters with x-ray measurements.
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From page 534... ...
Zachariasen." Alfred R Cooper in his introductory paper to the 1980 Borate Glass Conference said, "We cleclicate this session on glass structure to Frederik William Holder Zachariasen because his single contribution to glass literature, 'The Atomic Arrangement of Glass,' may be the most influential paper on glass structure in this century." Before Willie's paper on glass it was said that glass consists of crystalline materials.
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From page 535... ...
He continued to do some work in this area throughout the rest of his life. Robert Penneman of the Los Alamos Scientific Laboratory has said of this work, "No other crystalographer has done so much to ex
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From page 536... ...
to be determinecl using only these amounts. It is incleed difficult to determine the chemical composition of a sample using ordinary chemical techniques when only microgram amounts of that chemical are present.
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From page 537... ...
One of the most beautiful verifications of the similarity in electronic structure of the 4f ant! 5f elements was the discovery in 1974 by Willie and Penneman that above 56 kbars, cerium has the same crystal structure as oc-uranium.
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From page 538... ...
In 1952 Willie clevelopect a method for determining the phases clirectly from the measured intensities. He immediately tested his method experimentally by applying it to metaboric acid.
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From page 539... ...
The error was in the treatment of the polarization of the x-ray beam. In 1963 Willie published a f~rst-orcler approximation for the extinction correction for a mosaic crystal of arbitrary shape.
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From page 540... ...
Willie chairman, they tract many fruitful discussions, some of which contributed to Matthias's later correlations of the superconcluctivity critical temperature to the effective number of valence electrons per atom. In later collaborations, among other things, Willie "interpreted correctly the nonstoichiometric phases present in superconducting multicomponent mixtures." As these authors conclude, "The position of the elements in the periodic table, the valence electron concentration and the crystallographic structure exhibit a strong influence on the superconducting behavior." Willie's influence is clear.
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FREDERIK WILLIAM HOLDER ZACHARIASEN 541 IN PREPARING THIS MEMOIR ~ have drawn freely from memorials anti accolades written by S Chanclraesekhar, A
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From page 542... ...
Phys Chem 123:134-50. Ueber die kristallstruktur der telluride von beryllium, zink, cadmium und quecksilber.
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.. Ueber die kristallstruktur des wasserloslichen modifikation des germaniumdioxyds.
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From page 544... ...
The crystal lattice of anhydrous sodium sulphite, Na2SO3.
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From page 545... ...
17:45152. 1933 The crystal lattice of sodium bicarbonate, NaHCO3.
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From page 546... ...
59:766. Temperature diffuse scattering of a simple cubic lattice.
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From page 547... ...
1:268-69. Crystal chemical studies of the 5f-series of elements.
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From page 548... ...
In The Transuranium Elements. National Nuclear Energy Series, vol.
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From page 549... ...
Acta Crystallogr 5:19-21. Crystal chemical studies of the 5f-series of elements.
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From page 550... ...
7: 788-91. Crystal chemical studies of the 5f-series of elements.
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From page 551... ...
The bond lengths in the sodium metaborate structure. Acta Crystallogr.
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From page 552... ...
The crystal structure of alpha plutonium metal. Acta Crystallogr.
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From page 553... ...
Unit cell of the Zeta phase of the plutoniumzirconium and the plutonium-hafnium systems. Los Alamos Scientific Laboratory of the University of California, report no.
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From page 554... ...
The crystal structures of cerium metal at high pressure. Acta Crystallogr.
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From page 555... ...
USA 75:1066-67. Bond lengths in oxygen and halogen compounds of d and f elements.
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