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Effects of Electromagnetic Fields on Development
Pages 53-66

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From page 53...
... For example, Zimmerman et al.2 reported that exposure of fertilized sea urchin eggs to a 60-Hz, O.~-mT field for 24 h delayed development by about ~ h; no other developmental abnormalities were found. Cameron et al.3 found developmental delays in fish embryos, but no gross abnormalities; several possible mechanisms for the developmental delays were postulated including changes in transcription, alterations in mass migration of cells, and changes in cellular free calcium -- but additional data are needed to evaluate the suggestions.
From page 54...
... They suggested that the incidence of abnormalities in their control animals increased as the field increased and resulted in a lower apparent excess of abnormalities in exposed animals. The roughly even split in their data from 13 experiments between those which showed an increased incidence of abnormalities after exposure to pulsed magnetic fields and those which showed a decreased incidence did not give credibility to their suggestion.
From page 55...
... There also were no differences between effects produced by the sinusoidal, square, and pulsed fields. Although the unipolar and bipolar waveforms generate identical electric fields, no abnormalities were found with the unipolar waveform; this suggests that it might not be induced fields that are responsible for the effects.
From page 56...
... Time to vaginal opening~as shortened by electric field exposure, and prenatally exposed males exhibited significantly fewer intromissions and ejaculations than did sham-exposed animals. The latter findings suggest that prenatal exposure to electric fields might have affected sexual differentiation.
From page 57...
... Two large studies performed at the Battelle Pacific Northwest Laboratories have examined the effect of prenatal exposure to electric or magnetic fields on in utero development of the rat. The first study2i used 60-Hz electric fields of 0, 10, 65, and 130 kV/m.
From page 58...
... Ericson and Kallen28 used the Swedish Registry of Congenital Malformations and identified three cohorts of women who had high, medium, and low probability of using video display equipment during 1980-1981. · ~ ^e ~ ~ ^^ · · · ~ ~ ~ ~ Their analysis did not identifier s~gn~r~cant a~rrerences In ~nc~aences or ma~ormat~ons or perinatal deaths among the three cohorts, although there was a weak trend for more spontaneous abortions in the group with highest VDT exposure.
From page 59...
... Results of some of the studies with chick embryos suggest that exposure to lowintensity magnetic fields can cause developmental abnormalities, but there is not much evidence that these results are relevant to GWEN fields or to mammals. Examination of the literature does not reveal any studies performed with developing mammalian systems under conditions similar to those to be encountered with GWEN.
From page 60...
... data obtained Tom studies wilb Rf herds surest that reproducible developments emus are produced of Ben maternal bow temperature is increased. Bat ~11 not bullpen in people mound OPEN sites.
From page 61...
... 1982. Embryological changes induced by weak, extremely low frequency electromagnetic fields.
From page 62...
... 1990. Reproduction, growth, and development of rats during chronic exposure to multiple field strengths of 60-Hz electric fields.
From page 63...
... 1987. Evaluations of reproduction and dvelopment in Hanford miniature swine exposed to 60-Hz electric fields.
From page 64...
... 1986. Dose-response relationship between body temperature and birth defects in radiofrequency-irradiated rats.
From page 65...
... 42. Berman, E., H


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