China and Global Change Opportunities for Collaboration (1992) / Chapter Skim
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Chinese Participation in International Global Change Research Programs
Chinese Participation in International Global Change Research Programs
Pages 53-90
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Water Cycle Experiment (BAHCIGEWEX) IGBP, WCRP Institute of Geography, CAS Lanzhou Institute of Plateau Atmospheric Physics, CAS Shanghai Institute of Plant Physiology, CAS 53
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, IGBP Anhui Institute of Optics and Fine Mechanics, CAS Beijing Municipal Academy of Agriculture and Forestry Services Chinese Academy of Meteorological Sciences, SMA Institute of Atmospheric Physics, CAS Nanjing University Peking University Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, CAS South China Institute of Botany, CAS University of Science and Technology of China, CAS Joint Global Ocean Flux Study (,JGOFS) , IGBP,, Laru~Ocean Interactions in the Coastal Zone (LOICZ)
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,, IGBP Institute of Atmospheric Physics, CAS Institute of Botany, CAS 55
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From page 56... ...
was created under the auspices of the Commission on Atmospheric Chemistry and Global Pollution in 1988 in response to the growing international concern over observed changes in atmospheric chemical compositions and their potential impact on mankind. When the IGBP was formed, IGAC was adopted as one of its core projects.
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At least four groups, the Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS) Institute of Atmospheric Physics, Chinese Academy of Meteorological Sciences (CAMS)
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Modeling studies of the stratospheric O3 are conducted at the CAS Institute of Atmospheric Physics, SMA, CAS University of Science and Technology of China, and Peking University. In addition, chemistry models of the troposphere are also under development at some of these institutes for the study of regional and global environmental problems.
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PEM-West scientists measured a suite of important trace gases and aerosols from two aircraft (a NASA DC-8 and a short-range Japanese aircraft) 3 and six intensive ground stations over the western Pacific Ocean.
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to the study of isotopic time series from ice cores from mid-latitude glaciers at the CAS Lanzhou Institute of Glaciology and Geocryology (Appendix A) and loess deposits by the CAS Xi'an Laboratory of Loess and Quaternary Geology (Appendix A)
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The relatively modest cost and technological level required for many paleoenvironmental studies undoubtedly aid in the success of these programs. But this research is also well-supported with sophisticated instrumentation at the CAS Lanzhou Institute of Glaciology and Geocryology and the CAS Nanjing Institute of Geography and Limnology (Appendix A)
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is an IGBP core project to develop the capability to predict the effects of changes in climate, CO2 concentration, and land use on terrestrial ecosystems and how these changes can lead to feedbacks to the physical and chemical climate system. China's Vegetation and Climate The vegetation zones in China range from tropical rainforest and monsoon forests in southern China to boreal forests in the north, and from east to west the vegetation grades from humid forests and intensive agriculture to temperate steppes and extreme deserts, with agriculture confined to areas where water for irrigation flows from the high mountains.
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vegetation index data received and processed by the National Satellite Meteorological Center are being used by institute researchers. The computer facilities are principally advanced microcomputers with modern software.
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CAS Shanghai Institute of Plant Physiology Extensive and sophisticated work on agricultural ecosystems was identified at the CAS Shanghai Institute of Plant Physiology, which provides valuable foundations for further studies of the effects of climate and CO2 change on agricultural ecosystems. Wang Tianduo is the lead scientist for a large-scale integrated study of the efficiency of water use for agricultural production on the North China Plain.
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However, Chinese research appears to Lace less emphasis on detecting evidence for change; instead, more emphasis is placed on impacts of and responses to change. BIOSPHERIC ASPECTS OF THE HYDROLOGICAL CYCLE AND GLOBAL ENERGY AND WATER CYCLE EXPERIMENT Chinese researchers are active in modeling and measuring inter~ctions between the land surface and the atmosphere.
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66 it: ///L W)
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Irrigation management in this area is critically important, as salt hater lies below the irrigation-derived water table and care must be :aken to avoid salt contamination of shallow groundwater, thus the applied emphasis on management of evapotranspiration. Intensified rrigation in this part of the upper Heihe River has had an adverse effect on downstream water users in Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region, but this consequence does not appear to be a major consider~tion in water management around the experimental site.
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68 CHINA AND GLOBAL CHANGE mate parameters, surface radiation, groundwater level, stream flow, evapotranspiration (by using lysimetry) , and crop biomass.
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This coastline borders the inland Bohai Sea, Yellow Sea, East China Sea, and South China Sea, which collectively extend across temperate, subtropical, and tropical climate zones (Zhang 1984~. Historical, contemporary, and future changes in land cover and basin hydrology will continue to alter drastically the delivery of water and sediments as well as eolian materials to the coastal zone, particularly in the deltaic regions of the Huanghe, Yangtze, and Pearl Rivers.
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, Shanghai Department of Oceanography, Xiamen University (SEDC) , Xiamen East China Sea Fisheries Institute, Chinese Academy of Fisheries Science (MOA)
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, Guangzhou South China Sea Geological Survey, Ministry of Geology and Mineral Resources) , Guangzhou South China Sea Institute of Oceanology (CAS)
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The CAS Nanjing Institute of Geography and Limnology has studied riverine hydrology modeling, coastal zone geomorphology, and historical analysis of land use change. The CAS South China Sea Institute of Oceanology has studied coastal and deep sea oceanography, estuarine processes, and coral reef growth rates.
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Chinese,IGOFS Committee Chinese involvement in IGOFS began in February 1987, following the International Scientific Planning and Coordination Meeting for Global Ocean Flux Studies held at the ICSU Headquarters in Paris. The Chinese IGOFS Committee was established in February 1989, and in August 1989, the committee published the "Chinese Tentative Plan for the Joint Global Ocean Flux Study." This report reviews Chinese interest in IGOFS, provides scientific background for their activities, and outlines a tentative plan.
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· Provide validated flux numbers for carbon and related elements between the Pacific Ocean and the East China Sea. · Assess the primary productivity in the East China and Yellow Seas in order to provide scientific background for assessing biological productivity and resources.
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· Model vertical flux processes in typical areas of the East China Sea and the Yellow Sea, including modeling of margin flux and the role of physical and biogeochemical processes. An initial MFECS activity, an international workshop on the margin flux in the western boundary area of the Pacific Ocean was scheduled to be held in mid-June 1992 in Qingdao.
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TOGA-Monsoon Climate Research Monsoon climate research involves CAS, SMA, and selected universities and focuses on eastern Asian monsoons. One cooperative program between SMA and the National Science Foundation (NSF)
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1990~. It is quite likely that Chinese efforts would be restricted to Chinese coastal zones whether in cooperation with TOGA or LOICZunless activities were funded from international sources.
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, has a section under supporting activities titled "Ocean Studies in the China Sea in Association with Global Change." In this section eight studies are listed that would be associated with LOICZ objectives, several of which may or may not involve IGOFS objectives for deep ocean studies, and several of which fit into the TOGA program. Notably, much of the Chinese involvement in TOGA is on the broad marginal shelves of the China coast rather than over deep water.
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The START Standing Committee has identified 13 approximate geographic regions that "span a scientifically coherent area," and China has land mass in three: Central Arid Asia, Tropical Asian Monsoon, and Temperate East Asia.8 The START Standing Committee has received funding from the Global Environment Facility (GEF) 9 to establish RRNs for the Tropical Asian Monsoon Region in Association for Southeast Asian Nations (ASEAN)
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This theme focuses firstly on regional climate and environmental responses to global warming, including impacts of warming on the monsoon system, sea level, water resources, and ecosystem structure and function. A second area of study is the impact of global change on economic development, in particular the impact on agriculture in coastal zones (including islands)
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From page 81... ...
for the IGBP was established to provide global data needed by core projects and, eventually, to provide data management and information services (IGBP 1990~. Since its inception, DIS has been open to China's active involvement, for example, in the development of a 1 km global AVHRR data set and in having a site for one of the DIS land cover change pilot studies.
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HUMAN DIMENSIONS OF GLOBAL ENVIRONMENTAL CHANGE PROGRAM According to NSFC, China plans to participate in the Human Dimensions of Global Environmental Change (HD/GEC) Program that is sponsored by the International Social Science Council.
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Still, given China's resource consumption patterns, natural resource base, population growth, and settlement patterns, it probably stands to gain more than most countries from actions to promote the HD/GEC agenda and, with it, the justification and basis for interdisciplinary work. CHINESE ECOLOGICAL RESEARCH NETWORK The IGBP has provided further justification of and context for long-term ecological research, and CAS has capitalized on this link in promoting its Chinese Ecological Research Network (CERN)
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monitoring networks consisting firstly of a "basic observing system" that will measure meteorology, hydrology, and biology and at all 29 CERN stations, and secondly of a network that will measure trace gases, wet and dry deposition of heavy metals, and other variables at a limited number of stations. Synthesis Center The Synthesis Center, which is in the planning phase, will be located at CISNAR.
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, atmosphere (CAS Institute of Atmospheric Physics) , and botany and zoology (CAS Institute of Botany)
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Once the process or ecosystem study is complete, data will be stored at the subcenters or Synthesis Center, depending on the CERN research needs and the type of research undertaken. CERN Research Core Projects The first experiment to be conducted under CERN auspices, the "Structure and Function of Major Ecological Systems in China and Demonstration of Their Optimum Managerial Models," was begun in 1989.
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Long-Term Ecological Research Network Chinese and American scientists in the U.S. Long-Term Ecological Research (LTER)
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Examples of projects include the Cooperative Ecological Research Project, which was carried out with Hans Brunig of Hamburg University and others on ecosystem processes at the Xiaoliang station of the CAS South China Institute of Botany, an ecosystem restoration project with Sandra Brown at the
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side and by the CAS Institute of Atmospheric Physics and the CAS Institute of Geography on the Chinese side. See also details in Appendix C
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From page 90... ...
12. Information for this section is based on the March version of the draft "Proposal to the IGBP START Standing Committee to Establish a Global Change Regional Research Network for East Asia and Western Pacific Region" (CNCIGBP 1992)
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