Nutritional Needs in Hot Environments Applications for Military Personnel in Field Operations (1993) / Chapter Skim
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14. Subjective Reports of Heat Illness
14. Subjective Reports of Heat Illness
Pages 277-294
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From page 277... ...
If the deployment is to a hot environment, such as a jungle or a desert, decreased salt consumption becomes particularly problematic due to increased salt losses during sweating. To shed light on the minimum daily consumption of salt required to acquire and sustain heat acclimation during simulated desert living, a large study was conducted on the effects of salt intake on young soldiers during heat acclimation.
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From page 278... ...
During the study, the subjects experienced nine different signs and symptoms: abdominal cramps, chills, dizziness, flushed skin with "heat sensations," elevated resting heart rate, hyperirritability, "rubbery" legs, piloerection, and vomiting and nausea. The incidence of these signs and symptoms decreased as the number of days of heat exposure increased.
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From page 279... ...
Subjective reports of heat illness were assessed in two ways: (a) a tabulation of 12 ESQ symptoms selected for their previously established relationship to exercise in the heat (Armstrong et al., 1987)
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From page 281... ...
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From page 283... ...
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From page 286... ...
Overall Index of Subjective Heat Illness To evaluate the subject's overall subjective feelings of heat illness, an index of subjective heat illness was developed. First, all 68 ESQ items were scrutinized for their relationship to clinical descriptions of heat illness (compare with Armstrong et al., 1987; Knochel, 1984; Richards et al., 19791.
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From page 287... ...
ESQ = Environmental Symptoms Questionnaire. TABLE 14-5 Number of Times Each Heat Illness Symptom Was Reported During Heat Acclimation, 8-g Salt Diet (n = 9)
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From page 288... ...
Items Constituting the Index of Subjective Heat Illness ESQ Symptom No. Description 1 2 4 s 7 8 9 11 6 7 19 27 30 33 38 41 s2 s3 ss s6 62 63 Lightheaded Headache Dizzy Faint Coordination off Short of breath Hard to breathe Heart beating fast Muscle cramp Stomach cramps Weak Constipated Warm Sweaty Body parts numb Vision blurry Lost appetite Sick Thirsty Tired Irritable Restless post hoc tests (p < .05)
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From page 289... ...
Consequently, this "blip" is likely due to one subject experiencing symptoms unrelated to the treatment procedures on day 12. CONCLUSIONS Whether measured by the mean number of heat illness symptoms reported or by an overall index of subjective heat illness (the SHI)
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From page 290... ...
After the initial 2 days of heat acclimation, there is no measurable difference in subjective reports of heat illness between the two dietary groups. If subjective heat illness is to be minimized during heat acclimation, and especially if the first 2 days of heat acclimation are significant to military operations, a diet consisting of 8 g of salt per day is preferable to a diet of 4 g of salt per day.
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From page 291... ...
USARIEM (U.S. Army Research Institute of Environmental Medicine)
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From page 292... ...
We have presented two here: looking for differences between groups based on frequency counts of symptom reports, and conducting traditional analyses of variance on the index of subjective heat illness. Analyses using confidence intervals is a good suggestion but we have not done that here.
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From page 293... ...
We have found that performance of militarily relevant tasks such as marksmanship, is related to heat exposure. Specifically, up to 6 hours exposure to 95°F with 60 percent relative humidity significantly impairs steadiness of the soldier's outstretched arm and hand.
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