The Effects on Human Health of Subtherapeutic Use of Antimicrobials in Animal Feeds (1980) / Chapter Skim
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Appendix F: Zoonotic Aspects of Subtherapeutic Antimicrobials in Feed
Appendix F: Zoonotic Aspects of Subtherapeutic Antimicrobials in Feed
Pages 182-202
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From page 182... ...
Only salmonellae in the second group, some serotypes of nonpathogenic Escherichia colt, and possibly some strains of Staphylococcus aureus may be involved in the transfer of antibiotic resistance genes between animals and human beings. THE TRANSFER OF BACTERIA FROM ANIMALS TO HUMANS To what extent do bacteria from poultry, pigs, or calves transfer to humans?
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From page 183... ...
Enteropathogenic E colt: Specific serotypes for lambs, calves, infants, humans, piglets, and older pigs Erysipelothrix rhusiopathiae Haemophilus influenzas Haemophilus suds Moraxella bovis Mycobacterium avium Neisseria gonorrhoeae Neisseria meningitidis Salmonella cholerae-suis Salmonella pullorum .
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From page 184... ...
(1975) have shown that antibiotic resistance patterns of E
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From page 185... ...
observed that slaughterhouse personnel shared E cold phage types more often than would normally be expected.
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From page 186... ...
and that animals are the immediate reservoir of Salmonella infections in humans. A logical extension of this dogma is that much of the antibiotic resistance in salmonellae in humans also derives from this reservoir in animals.
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From page 187... ...
This implies that approximately half of the serotypes causing salmonellosis in humans during the surveys were probably not derived from nonhuman sources. Interestingly, a 2-year survey of Salmonella serotypes in the Gulf of Aarhus, Denmark, provides additional evidence for this conclusion (Grunnet and Brest Nielsen, 1969~.
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From page 188... ...
Thus, a considerable body of evidence indicates that, with the exception of large outbreaks of foodborne salmonellosis in adults, many Salmonella infections in humans are derived directly from humans. It should be a relatively easy task to measure on a national scale the extent of transfer of salmonellae from the reservoir of animals to the reservoir of humans using data already on file at the Center for Disease Control (CDC)
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From page 189... ...
The evidence for similarity of plasmids from different sources must be based on DNA homology, inc ompatibili ty grouping s tudies, and endonuclease digestion studies. Evidence from incompatibility testing and DNA homology studies indicates that resistance plasmids from bacteria isolated from humans and animals cannot be distinguished.
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From page 190... ...
Although enteric resistance plasmids from bacteria isolated from humans and animals are identical, some evidence suggests that among the Enterobacteriaceae the host organism is an important determinant of the kinds of plasmids hosted. For instance, S
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From page 191... ...
chia Hopi from Calves in New York State, 1974-19i8a Strain (Number of Strains Tested) _ typhimurium (134)
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From page 192... ...
The DNA fragment in this plasmid, which encodes for LT toxin, is no greater than 3.0 kilobases (So et al., 1978~. _ _ ~ _ The ST determinant from a plasmid containing ST alone has been cloned in a DNA fragment of 3.4 kilobases and has been shown to be a transposon flanked by inverted repeats of IS 1 (So et al., 1979~.
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From page 193... ...
, it Is likely that the genes for factors with similar function in E cold strains from humans will prove to be dif f Brent .
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From page 194... ...
1973. Hagan' s Infectious Diseases of Domestic Animals wit th Special Reference to Etiology, Diagnosis, and Biologic Therapy.
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From page 195... ...
1976a. Antibiotic resistance among colifonm and fecal coliform bacteria isolated from the freshwater mussel Bydr~della menziesii.
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1975. Antibiotic resistance patterns of Escherichia cold isolated from families consuming home-raised meat.
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1972. Drug resistance and transferable drug resistance of Escherichia cold isolated from "ready-to-cook" broilers.
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From page 198... ...
1977c. Antibiotic resistance among Escherichia cold O-serotypes from the gut and carcasses of commercially slaughtered broiler chickens: A potential public health hazard.
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From page 199... ...
1977. R factor types found in Salmonella typhimurium and Escherichia cold isolated from calves in a con f ined enviror~ent.
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1970. The incidence of transmissible antibiotic resistance amongst salmonellae isolated from poultry in England and Wales.
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1978. The epidemiology and genetics of antibiotic resistance of Salmonella typhimurium isolated from diseased animals in New York.
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From page 202... ...
1978. Heavymetal and antibiotic resistance in the bacterial flora of sediments of New York bight.
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