Losing Generations Adolescents in High-Risk Settings (1993) / Chapter Skim
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1 ADOLESCENTS AT RISK
1 ADOLESCENTS AT RISK
Pages 13-23
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From page 13... ...
those who must deal with the discrimination that often faces racial and ethnic minorities the contexts of their everyday lives fait to provide the resources, supports, and opportunities essential to healthy development and reasonable preparation for productive adulthood. Disorganization of the key settings in which poor and minority young people live their daily lives schools, neighborhoods, families, and, sometimes, the health care and law enforcement settings poses a daunting challenge for their successful development during childhood and adolescence.
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From page 14... ...
and where their concentration in the inner cities of large urban areas has increased. Schools in such areas do not have the resources needed to sustain their mission, school buildings are in disrepair, and there is often the threat of violence in classrooms and corridors; neighborhoods are more disintegrated, buildings more dilapidated, and streets often physically dangerous; communities are also fraying as everrising mobility destroys personal ties and traditional institutions, such as churches, and local businesses suffer from disinvestment; families are more frequently headed by a single parent, often a working mother unable to obtain competent chiTcT care or by two working parents with less time for childrearing because they are striving to maintain their standard of living in the midst of a general decline in wages.
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From page 15... ...
Thus, it seems especially important to consider the reverberating effects that such changes might have on the behavior and development of youth. Finally, policy efforts to prevent or ameliorate bad outcomes j such as school failures are clearly more feasible and more likely to be efficient when targeted toward changing contexts or settings-using what ~ _ ~ ~ ~1 1 1 · 1_ _ _ 1 ~ ~ ___ .~ ~ AL ~ ~ ~ DATE ~ +~+ is known broadly as a pUbllC nealtn approacn Inan Wll\;;ll L~1geted at changing individuals on a one-by-one basis.
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From page 16... ...
The definition of adverse outcomes, however, extends beyond morbidity and mortality to encompass the failure to acquire the academic knowledge, social skills, and personal behaviors required to succeed in contemporary American society. THE ROLE OF FAMILY INCOME Family income is perhaps the single most important factor in determining the settings in which children and adolescents spend their lives.
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From page 17... ...
to health risks and to experience events that damage their health, such as leacI-based paint and home fires. Families living in poverty are subject to multiple stresses and constraints that lead to feelings of hopelessness and helplessness and often reduce parents' ability to provide children with the emotional support and stimulation critical to healthy development Will et al., 19911.
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From page 18... ...
They are also at significantly greater risk of such Tong-term disabilities as cerebral palsy, autism, and mental retardation, and vision and hearing impairments and other developmental disabilities Shapiro et al., 1983J. These detrimental health and developmental effects of preterm delivery and Tow birthweight are all greater among poor children Wise and Meyers, 1988; Parker et al., 1988J.
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From page 19... ...
There are strong links between economic deprivation and child maltreatment, although the exact processes that mediate between poverty and developmental risk are controversial. Abuse and maltreatment are not confined to poor families, but successive studies have documented the highest incidence of chits neglect in families living in extreme poverty and the most severe injuries from abuse or neglect occurring in the poorest families {PeTton, 1981; Wolock and Horowitz, 1984; Giovannoni and BillingsTey, 1970~.
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Even a Tow level of exposure to lead in childhood may result in higher rates of learning disability, low achievement, and failure to graduate from high school [Needlemen et al., 1990J. In summary, the evidence is clear and compelling that persistent poverty exacts a significant price on children's health, development, educational attainment, and socioeconomic potential, even though the causal relationships are not well understood in all cases.
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Sherman 1980 High-risk neighborhoods and high-risk families: the human ecology of child maltreatment. Child Development 51:188-198.
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National Acad Marecek, J 1979 Economic Social and PsYcholo~ical Conseauences of Adolescent Childbearing: An Analysis of Data from the Philadelphia Collaborative Perinatal Project.
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1989 Child development in the context of the black extended family. American Psychologist 442:380-385.
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