Managing Global Genetic Resources Agricultural Crop Issues and Policies (1993) / Chapter Skim
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15. National and International Programs
15. National and International Programs
Pages 347-380
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From page 347... ...
This chapter addresses the role of national programs in managing genetic resources and the need to develop an equitable and stable international system to guide the collection, management, conservation, and use of crop genetic resources for the benefit of all nations. NATIONAL PROGRAMS The primary purpose of a national system is to ensure that the genetic resources needed in agriculture, forestry, and conservation programs are available, evaluated, conserved, and used.
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From page 348... ...
Participants in National Programs Most existing collections have originated through the efforts of individuals involved in plant breeding, botanical and evolutionary
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From page 349... ...
Status of National anct Regional Programs National plant genetic resources conservation programs vary considerably in organizational structure, in the nature of materials conserved, and how those are used. Although many nations have some level of plant germplasm activity related to agriculturally important plants, there is no nation, to the committee's knowledge, that has a comprehensive approach to the identification and conservation (in situ or ex situ)
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In so a o o u u ho ~ 'n o ~ Id o do o o ~ ~n ~ _ a ~ O .o Q)
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I ~ ~ 0 ~ ID ~ ~ 0 ~ ~ a~ ID 0 ~ ~ ~ ~ 0 ~ 00 ~ o ~ ~ ~ ~ o ~ ~ ~ u~ oo ~ oo ~ ~ ~ ~ In 0 ~ ~ c~ ~ ~ oo ~ r~ ~ ao 0 ~n Co ~ u)
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From page 352... ...
In general, genetic resources have had a higher priority in agricultural research in Eastern Europe than in Western Europe. Although the principle of free exchange of genetic resources has been supported, the accessibility of the collections to the international community has been hampered by a backlog in the development and availability of adequate computerized information systems.
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From page 353... ...
CGN, Netherlands NGB, Sweden PBAI, Poland PBAI, Poland Wiatrowo Experimental Station, Poland CRI, Szeged, Hungary IFVC, Republics of Montenegro and Serbia Research Station of Grasses, Roznava, Slovak Republic FAL, Germany (West) Institut de Biocenotique Experimentale des Agrosystemes, Universite de Pau et des Pays de l'Adour, France Groupe d'Etude et de Controle des Varietes et des Semences, INRA, La Miniere, Guyancourt, France RCA, Hungary Field Crops Department, Faculty of Agriculture, Hebrew University of Jeurusalem, Rehovot, Israel Instituto del Germoplasma, CNR, Bari, Italy PBAI, Poland INIA, Spain NGB, Sweden Federal Agricultural Research Station, Changins, Switzerland WPBS, Aberystwyth, Wales NOTE: The following acronyms are listed: CGN, Center for Genetic Resources; CNR, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche; CRI, Cereal Research Institute; FAL, Institut fur Pflanzenbau und Pflanzenzuchtung der Bundesforschungsanstalt fur Landwirtschaft; IFVC, Fruit and Viticulture Research Institute; HRI, Horticultural Research Institute; INIA, Instituto Nacional de Investigaciones Agrarias; INRA, Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique; NGB, Nordic Gene Bank; PBAI, Plant Breeding and Acclimatization Institute; RCA, Research Center for Agrobotany, Institute for Plant Production and Qualification; WPBS, Welsh Plant Breeding Station; ZIGuK, Zentralinstitut fur Genetik und Kulturpflanzenforschung.
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From page 354... ...
However, there are signs of change. The European Parliament decided in 1991 to establish a new and separate budget line for a European Community Program on the Conservation of Plant Genetic Resources to be executed through the commission's Directorate-General for Agriculture.
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Latin America and the Caribbean Argentina, Brazil, Colombia, Cuba, Guatemala, and Mexico have established coordinated plant genetic resources conservation programs organized within the framework of the agricultural research institutions of the ministries of agriculture. Similar programs are emerging in Peru, Bolivia, Ecuador, and Chile.
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From page 356... ...
conduct extensive collection efforts. Some collection efforts are made by international centers and germplasm banks outside Brazil, but in the absence of the necessary infrastructure (staff, laboratories, and storage facilities)
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From page 357... ...
Because of the interrelationships between Mediterranean countries and earlier regional programs, most countries of northern Africa have national programs, all with some form of seed storage and a national coordinator. More than 25 countries comprise eastern and southern Africa and the island states.
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Germplasm activities in Papua New Guinea are carried out in the Crops Research Division of the Department of Agriculture and Livestock. The Laloki Station has responsibility for overall coordination of the plant genetic resources program.
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From page 359... ...
INTERNATIONAL PROGRAMS Although the primary responsibility for the management of plant genetic resources rests with each nation, there are important reasons why nations should act in concert to protect, preserve, and use these
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From page 360... ...
Food and Agriculture Organization FAO convened the first international meeting on plant genetic resources in 1961 and later established the Panel of Experts on Plant Exploration and Introduction in 1965 (Franker and Hawkes, 1975c; Williams, 1984~. A parallel panel of experts on forest gene resources was established by FAO in 1968 (National Research Council, 1991b)
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From page 361... ...
International Board for Plant Genetic Resources The technical conferences on genetic resources and the FAO Panel of Experts consistently recommended that a global network of crop genetic resources centers be established. The United Nations Conference on Human Environment held in Stockholm, Sweden, in 1972, gave FAO the responsibility to assist in the establishment of an international genetic resources program (Franker, 1988~.
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Project initiated after recommendations of the joint meeting of the Centro Internacional de Agricultura Tropical (CIAT) , International Board for Plant Genetic Resources (IBPGR)
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Rome: International Board for Plant Genetic Resources; International Rice Research Institute.
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The basic function of IBPGR was to promote an international network of genetic resources centers in cooperation with national programs, donor nations and institutions, and individual scientists (International Board for Plant Genetic Resources, 1988c)
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Preparations include development of a report on the state of the world's plant genetic resources. This will be derived from individual country studies, regional reports, and a survey of national programs that is being conducted and analyzed in cooperation with IBPGR.
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The development of appropriate information systems specially designed for use in genetic collections and for facilitating the exchange of information between germplasm banks and with users and collection managers is only slowly improving. OTHER INTERNATIONAL CENTERS The IARCs form the backbone of the international network.
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From page 367... ...
javanica O japonica Wild species Rye Sorghum European African Asian New World Asian Asian European Mediterranean African PGR, Ottawa, Canada NGB, Lund, Sweden PGRC\E, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia NIAR, Tsukuba, Japan ICARDA, Syria NPGS, United States NIAR, Tsukuba, Japan TISTR, Bangkok, Thailand VIR, Leningrad, Russia Portuguese Genebank, Braga, Portugal NPGS, United States PGR, Ottawa, Canada ICRISAT, India PGRC/E, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia ICRISAT, India NBPGR, New Delhi, India PGRC/E, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia ICRISAT, India ICRISAT, India PGR, Ottawa, Canada NGB, Lund, Sweden PAL, Braunschweig, Germany (West)
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European INIA, Madrid, Spain Pea · NGB, Lund, Sweden Phaseolus Wild species Cultivated species Pigeonpea Soybean Wild perennial Vigna spp. Wild species V
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oleracae Raphanus Wild species . Asian PAL, Braunschweig, Germany (West)
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NGB, Lund, Sweden Mediterranean Greek Gene Bank, Thessaloniki
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NPGS, United States Seed Bank, RBG, Kew, United Kingdom ILCA, Ethiopia CSIRO, Brisbane, Australia ILCA, Ethiopia CSIRO, Brisbane, Australia Seed Bank, RBG, Kew, United Kingdom NPGS, United States NPGS, United States CSIRO, Brisbane, Australia continued
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Vavilov Institute of Plant Industry; ZIGuK, Zentralinstitut fur Genetik und Kulturpflanzenforschung. SOURCE: Updated from International Board for Plant Genetic Resources.
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From page 373... ...
(wild) Central American African Asian and Pacific Southeast Asian African East Asian Mediterranean Mediterranean and African North American Latin American South Asian Latin American CIAT, Colombia INIA, Mexico IITA, Nigeria AVRDC, Taiwan IITA, Nigeria Banana Board, Jamaica PCARRD, Philippines DGRST, Cameroon Fruit Tree Research Station, Tsukuba, Japan INIA, Valencia, Spain IRFA, Corsica, France USDA, United States CENARGEN, Brazil IIHR, Indiaa University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia University of the West Indies, Trinidad and Tobago CATIE, Costa Rica Sugarcane Breeding Institute, Coimbatore, India USDA, Florida, United States Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Israela Research Institute for Vegetable Growing and Breeding, Olomouc, Czech Republic CENARGEN, Brazil CSIRO, Australia continued
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These institutes have direct linkages, through their plant breeding programs and germplasm collections, to national agricultural research systems, and they serve as effective centers of germplasm exchange. There is no systemwide genetic resources program formally coordinated within the CGIAR that addresses the complete range of plant genetic resources issues.
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Those germplasm banks that did not meet these standards were encouraged to make the necessary improvements, and some have done so (International Board for Plant Genetic Resources, 1989a)
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From page 376... ...
It includes the FAG Commission on Plant Genetic Resources, which provides an intergovernmental platform for policies and oversight; the IBPGR, which coordinates and provides technical support at the program level; various regional programs; and ultimately international and national plant genetic resources programs. International cooperation in this structure is well established and accepted as the norm by most participating institutions, with the apparent emphasis in the draft convention on national sovereignty over indigenous plant genetic resources as a basic principle.
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From page 377... ...
Although national germplasm banks currently cooperate with the genetic re~ources crams of the IARCs for individual crops in an expanded - r -- o-~ ~ ~ ~ program, the lARCs could actively promote and support both regional and national conservation programs. This would, however, broaden their responsibilities beyond breeding for specific crops.
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From page 378... ...
The activities of the Commission on Plant Genetic Resources are directed toward the further refinement and implementation of the intent of the undertaking to strengthen the preservation, use, and availability of germplasm. It also addresses issues related to, for example, the establishment of a legal network of base collections, an international fund, and in situ conservation.
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From page 379... ...
It is in the interest of world agriculture that countries in regions with major genetic diversity be provided with the means to participate more fully in genetic resources conservation and use of biological resources. International responsibility for conserving, managing, and using genetic resources must be translated into a workable form offending within a coherent framework that satisfies the basic principles of the LAO International Undertaking on Plant Genetic Resources and the Convention on Biological Diversity.
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From page 380... ...
Developed countries can afford, if they so desire, to maintain their own national germplasm banks in association with active breeding programs. However, external funding is needed to support the national germplasm banks, active collections, and international programs that serve developing countries.
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