Managing Global Genetic Resources Agricultural Crop Issues and Policies (1993) / Chapter Skim
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From page 423... ...
Index A Abiotic stresses, 79, 192 Acacia Senegal, 126 Aflatoxins, 51 Africa domesticated species, 33 farming practices, 66 genetic resources work, 356-357 root and tuber programs, 96 African cassava mosaic virus, 58 African streak virus, 200 Agreement on Trade-Related Aspects of Intellectual Property Rights including Trade in Counterfeit Goods, 281 Agricultural practices/systems alternative strategies, 18, 66-67, 76 continuous cropping, 78 crop rotations, 18, 66, 76, 78 high-input, 66 IARC programs, 66 monocultures, 16, 18, 36-37, 48, 5051, 66, 67, 82 multilines mixtures, 17, 66-67 and productivity, 63 recommendations, 82-83 relay plantings, 17-18, 66-67 research funding, 103 and resistance, 76 423 traditional, 127-128 and vulnerability of crops, 82-83 and yields, 179 Agrobacterium tumefaciens, 252 Albino mutants, 226 Alfalfa, 104-106, 110 Algae, 242, 243, 246, 252 Alleles common, 121 common, localized, 139, 140, 143 common, widespread, 139, 140 conceptual classes, 139 defined, 407 frequency, 138, 140, 143, 144-145, 159 introgression from exotic sources, 134 loss (drift) , 160, 170 lower-frequency, 146-147, 148-149 rare, 160 rare, localized, 139, 143 rare, widespread, 139-140, 143 resistance, 54 self-incompatibility, 138 see also Neutral allele Allium species, 9, 123, 125, 369, 373 Almonds, 123 Alpha interferon, 249 American Cyanamid Co., 285 American Malting Barley Association, 234 American Society of Agronomy, 183
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, 52, 58, 61, 125, 172, 268, 274, 374 Bangladesh, 70, 76 Barley accessions, 182 Barley Genetics Newsletter, 233-236 collections, 182, 185, 207, 367 economic value, 319 evolutionary processes and use of, 33, 184, 185 genetic stock collections, 229, 232-236 haploid plants, 195 hybridization, 185 IARC releases in developing countries, 93 nurseries, 96 primitive, 207 private sector breeding programs, 105, 106 public sector research, 104 rust epidemic, 58 Barley Genetic and Aneuploid Stock Collection, 234-236 Baum, Warren, 37 Beans breeding programs, 97, 114 common, 9, 33, 52, 59, 62 dry (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) , 64, 68-69, 368 Faba, 368 farming practices, 66 field, 93 IARC releases in developing countries, 93, 94 Michigan navy, 68 pests and pathogens, 68-69 pinto, 68-69 public sector research, 104 quarantine restrictions, 265 seed production and distribution, 114 snap, 64 winged, 369 Belgium, 240 Bermuda grass (Cynodon daclylon)
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, 219, 220, 242 Breeders collections, 134, 180, 307-308 interests, 35, 62 lines, 60, 62, 175, 219, 22~227, 408 monitoring advanced materials, 175 perceptions of crop vulnerability, 65 perceptions of germplasm systems, 62-63, 88, 114-115, 174-179, 180183, 206 team approach with molecular biologists, 111-112 see also Plant breeders Breeding DNA transformation technique and 11 and pathogen/pest absence, 58 performance advances, 175, 178 speed and accuracy, 2 stocks, 134, 181, 307-308 systems, 155-156 see also Crop breeding programs; Plant breeding Brown planthopper (Nilaparvata lugers) , 16, 56, 76-77 Budapest Treaty on the International Recognition of the Deposit of Microorganisms for the Purposes of Patent Protection, 285 Burkina Faso, 77 C Cabbage, common, 9, 95 Cacao, 172, 373 Cacao swollen shoot virus, 58 California Cooperative Rice Research Foundation, Inc., 292 grape pests, 36 plant quarantines, 34 Rice Research Board, 292 sorghum pathogens, 175 wild oats, 141, 142, 144 Callus culture, 190, 192 Canada, 126, 283, 284, 359 Canola, 105, 106 Caribbean genetic resources work, 355-356 Plant Protection Commission, 267 Carrot, 104, 369 Cassava clones, 172, 195 collections, 369, 373 crop improvement programs, 96 exchange of germplasm, 195 forages, 9 IARC releases in developing countries, 93, 94 pathogens and pests, 12, 58 wild species, 122 Cassava bacterial blight, Xanthomonas manihotis)
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, 9, 39, 88, 194, 267, 294, 366 Centro Internacional de Mejoramiento de Malz y Trigo (CIMMYT) back-up collection for, 132 data base, 362 enhancement of germplasm, 186 establishment, 9, 38, 92 exchange of germplasm, 290 mission, 38, 39 nurseries, 95-96 rust susceptibility of populations, 7475 teosinse conservation, 123-124 wheat breeding, 74-75, 81, 95-96 Centro Nacional de Recursos Geneticos e Biotecnologia, 122, 356 Cercospora sp., 252 Cereals adaptability testing, 95 collections, 9, 367 domestication, 33 Certified seed systems, 284 Characterization biochemical, 121, 125 biotechnology and, 203-204 core subsets, 170 data, 21, 22-23 data bases with, 215 defined, 161, 408 descriptors and descriptor states, 162, 209 environmental adaptation, 121 evaluation data and, 161 of gene pools, 121 growth rate, 121 importance of, 161-162, 165, 206 information sources, 212 molecular level, 197 morphology, 121, 125 passport data and, 161 phonology, 121, 125 phytopathology, 125 and seed regeneration, 162 size of collections and, 20, 167 standardization of data, 162 techniques, 162 technologies, 20 yield, 125 see also Traits Charles M
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Index / 427 early, 34-35 empirical studies, 136-139, 141-145 environmentally influenced genetic differentiation and, 141-145 evaluati on p robl ems, 1 ~11, 32, 182183; see also Evaluation of accessions genetic diversity and, 136-139 in vitro, 193-194 information sources on, 207-208 IPPGR role, 86 long-term conservation commitment, 367-373 maintenance and renewal of accessions, 181-182 major holdings, 5, 9, 88 microorganisms, 43 modernization, 183-184 obsolescence, 180-181, 182 parameters of genetic diversity, 135136 passport and descriptor information, 9-10, 20, 63, 171-172, 181, 411 problems, 89 recommendations, 151-152, 17~171 redundancy, 166-170, 171, 182 reference, 195 size considerations, 7-8, 10, 42, 166170, 182 sources of new accessions, 183-184 status of, 32 storage lives, 132 testing for pathogens/pests, 276 types, 131-134 value of, 5-6, 43, 223 worldwide, 85-92, 153 see also Genetic stock collections; Sampling Collectotrichum sp., 252 Colombia, 37, 265, 293 Colorado potato beetle, 119 Colorado State University, 233, 234 Comite Tecnico Ad-Hoc en Sanidad Vegetal pare el Area Sur, 267 Commodity research networks, 96-97, 98, 114 Commonwealth of Independent States genetic reserves, 122, 124 genetic resources work, 37, 349, 352 maize collection, 290 patents on animals, 284 Computers/computerization of collection data data bases, 21~215 hardware, 210 information supply to users, 212-213 software, 210-211, 214 standardization of systems, 211-212 Conflicts over genetic resources international controversy, 326-332 international dialogue, 324-336 international payment, 340-343 International Undertaking on Plant Genetic Resources and, 41, 26, 226, 325-327 North-South debate, 91-92, 332-333 origins, 322-324 ownership and stewardship, 333-334 plant breeders' rights, 92 politics and geography, 321-324 recommendations, 344-346 resolution avenues, 338-339 resolution basis, 337-338 responses to, 336-344 scientific balance, 343-344 seed industry restructuring, 334-336 South-South debate, 41 treaty solution, 339-340 Conservation of germplasm actions necessary for, 253 adequacy of efforts, 118 biotechnology and, 10-11, 17, 38-40, 197-198 demand for, 11 dissenting views, 40-42 historical background, 1 importance, 5-6, 29, 32, 253 IPPGR role, 86 multilevel collaborations, 28 origin, 33-34 rationales for, 49 science and technology and, 6-11 status of major crops, 8 see also In situ conservation; In vitro conservation Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, 214 Consultative Group on International Agricultural Research (CIGAR) , 5, 94-95, 374 criticisms of, 26, 92 funding by, 27, 88, 375
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428 / Index IARC administration, 37-38, 85, 360361 internationalization through, 377 legal protection for working materials, 288 recommended role, 25, 26, 320 Technical Advisory Committee, 40, 322, 361 Copyright, 13, 286-287 Core subsets of collections advantages, 7, 19, 168 Corn disadvantages, 19, 168-169 practical problems, 169-170 recommendations, 19-20, 171 size considerations, 19-20, 167, 169 uses, 20, 88-89, 169, 182 domestication, 33 gene pools, 178 hybrid, 52 introduction to Americas, 173 pests and pathogens, 16, 36, 61 private-sector hybrids, 52 public sector research, 104 southern corn leaf blight epidemic, 16, 36 sweet, 104 varietal dominance, 64 yield increases, 2 Zea mays, 220 Costa Rica, 86, 195 Cole d'Ivoire, 77 Cotton, 1, 64, 65, 76, 104-106, 110 Cotton boll weevil, 259 Council for Mutual Economic Assistance, 349 Cowpeas, 9, 80, 93, 265 Crop breeding programs concerns about, 98-99 exotic germplasm, 95-96 international, 95-99 and yields, 2 Crop varieties Crops centers of diversity, 35 desirable characters, 35 genetic diversity, 60-61 genetically heterogeneous populations, 61-62 protection, see Patents; Proprietary initiatives see also Vulnerability of crop varieties area and farm value of, 64 clonally propagated, 38, 61 data bases, 215, 362-364 directories, 208 quarantines, 261-262 regions of diversity and regions of production, 350-351 rotations, 18, 66, 76 Cross-licensing, 108 Cross-pollinating species, 61, 157, 158 Crucifer, 104, 369 Cryogenic storage, 19, 190 Cucurbit, 104, 370 Cultivars defined, 408 selection for traits, 32 see also Varieties Cyclosporin, 249 Cytoplasmic male sterility, 59, 76, 78, 80 D Data bases address and address codes in, 209210 central crop, 89, 208, 215, 217, 362364 collections, 213-215 development, 91 legumes, root crops, and vegetables DNA sequence, 23, 38, 197-199, 203 93_95 ' European, 352, 353 networks and interactions with national programs, 96-98 nurseries, 95-96 private sector programs, 104-108, 110-114 public sector programs, 102-104, 110114 recommendations, 114-116 international crop germplasm, 217, 352, 353, 362-363 management systems, 211, 214 microbial culture collections, 240-241, 255 on-line, 213, 240, 241 recommendations, 203-204, 216-217 Denmark, 85
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, 58, 70 E Earworms (Heliothis zeal, 73 Eastern Europe genetic resources work, 350, 352 security of collections in, 42 Ecogeographical surveys, 124-125 Economic assessment of genetic resources contributions of international collections, 317-318 Hedonic pricing method, 308-309 incorporation into advanced cultivars and, 307-308 institutional releases and, 312 landrace appearance and, 312-313 markets, 304-306
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430 / Index origins and inclusions in varieties and, 313 pedigree analysis, 310 price evaluation methods, 306-309 regression analysis of data, 313-316 recommendations, 319-320 rice, 309-318 valuation, 303-304 varietal releases and, 310-311 Ecotypic differentiation, 155 Eggplant, 9, 370 Empirical studies of allelic diversity, 141-145 of genetic diversity and, 136-139 Empresa Brasileira de Pesquisa Agropecuaria, 356 Endangered species, 275 Environmental conditions and allelic frequency, 143 documentation, 208-209 for evaluation experiments, 164 and genetic variation in characters, 121 and genetic vulnerability, 51, 55, 60, 79 heterogeneity and, 60 meteorological data bases, 208-209 and pest populations, 78 seed regeneration and, 160 tolerance to, 252 Epidemics blast, 77 brown planthopper, 16 bunt, 70 chestnut blight, 58 costs of, 80 Dutch elm disease, 58 evaluation of, 164 heterogeneity and, 60 leaf blight, 75 movement of pests into new areas, 58 Periconia root rot of sorghum, 175 potato late blight, 36, 55, 58 powdery mildew, 79 rust, 56, 58, 68-69 shoot fly, 70 southern corn leaf blight, 16, 36, 59, 67, 99-100 Erosion control, 66 Escherichia colt, 219, 242, 249 Escuela Tecnica Superior de Ingenieros Agronomos, 363 Ethiopia, 42, 207, 289, 357 European Association for Research on Plant Breeding, 352, 361, 364 Community, 24, 240, 266, 283, 285286, 354 Cooperative Program for the Conservation and Exchange of Crop Genetic Resources, 88, 352 corn borer (Ostrinia nubilalis) , 61, 259 Culture Collections Organization, 240 data bases, 353 genetic resources work, 352-354 germplasm banks, 352-354 and Mediterranean Plant Protection Organization, 267 Molecular Biology Laboratory, 198 Patent Convention, 284 Program on the Conservation of Plant Genetic Resources, 354 Evaluation of accessions breeders' contribution, 21 characterization and, 161 communication among germplasm users, 165 control of exotic germplasm, 164 core subsets and, 170 costs, 90 defined, 408-409 documentation, 9-10, 165-166, 182183, 215 environments or sites for, 164 IBPGR role, 89-90 importance, 182-183 large-scale, systematic, 162-163 multidisciplinary approach, 162, 163, 165 recommendations, 187 resistant or tolerant species, 164 sample size, 163 supplies of seed or materials, 163 test planning and implementation, 163-164 and use of germplasm, 162, 182-183, 206 verification of data, 164-165 Evolution, molecular, neutral theory of, 135
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, 58 Florida, 73 Flowers and ornamentals, 105, 106 Fodder crops, 120 Food and Agriculture Organization, 5, 25, 40, 57, 132 Biennial Conference, 324-325 Commission on Plant Genetic Resources, 13, 15, 26, 41, 325, 328, 332, 365, 376, 378 exchange of germplasm, 91 definition of plant genetic resources, 226 genetic stocks defined by, 219 International Fund for Plant Genetic Resources, 343 International Undertaking on Plant Genetic Resources, 41, 26, 226, 325-331, 339, 365, 378, 379-380 internationalization through, 92, 376, 378 Panel of Experts on Plant Exploration and Introduction, 37, 360, 364 phytosanitary certificates, 264, 266 recommended role, 26, 378, 379-380 Resolution 681, 324-325 technical conferences, 37, 322, 365 Food plants, number of species, 31 Food product development, 104 Forage and Range Research Laboraotry, 122 Forages, 9, 10~106, 120, 122, 125, 129, 142, 178, 371 Forbs, 178 Ford Foundation, 38, 335 Fossils, as genetic resources, 39 France, 37, 213, 240, 291, 295 Fruit crops, 76-80, 105, 106, 122
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~ . lunge in collections, 243, 245 entry pathways, 269 habitat conservation, 248 pathogens, 36, 49, 57, 59, 242, 247 perennial lichen-forming, 248 pest control with, 252 preservation, 246-247 species number and richness, 245 see also Bread molds; Filamentous fungi Fusarium kernel rot, 51 G Gel electrophoresis, 199 General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade, Uruguay Round, 13, 280 Gene pools, 86 Genes, 20, 286, 289, 409 Genetic diversity areas of, 322 biotechnology and, 4 brand names and, 101 in core subsets, 19-20 defined, 409 empirical studies, 136-139 enhancement and stabilization strategies, 66-67 environmental factors and, 8 enzyme variants, 138-139 and exchange of germplasm, 100-101 habitat destruction and, 32 importance, 173 loci and, 137, 138 measures of, 135-137 in primitive and modern varieties, 60-61 proprietary rights and, 100-101, 107, 279 qualitative or discretely inherited characters, 137-138 quantitative characters, 136-137 quarantine and, 276 and sampling strategies, 141-145 Genetic drift, 19, 147, 154, 156, 158-159, 161, 171, 409 Genetic engineering, 324 crops, 119, 252 microorganisms, 249 patents, 286 Genetic integrity differential survival and, 157-158 genetic drift and, 158-159 isolation and, 10, 158 monitoring during seed storage, 166 outcrossing and, 157-158 principles of maintaining, 10, 156 regeneration and, 18-19, 132, 154-155, 148, 170 storage and, 132 and use of systems, 182 Genetic Maps, 235 Genetic mixing, 157, 170 Genetic reserves, 12~121, 122-123 Genetic resources accessing, 6-14 activism, 324 agricultural endowment, 2 dead materials as, 38-39, 198, 201 defined, 409 exchange, see Exchange of Germplasm and food supply, 29-30 incorporation into advanced cultivars, 307-308 global, 4 markets, 5 need for, 4-6 ownership, 40-42 threats to, 5 see also Germplasm Genetic shift, 154-155, 157, 161, 170, 171 Genetic stock collections accessioning of stocks, 231, 235 advisory board, 237-238 of agriculturally relevant, 221, 222, 227-229 biotechnology and, 220 breeding lines contrasted with, 226227 components, 224-226 costs, 220-221, 237 data management, 231, 235-236, 238 demand for, 236 development and location, 221-224 dissemination of seed, 231 examples, 229-236 funding, 223, 228, 229, 230-231, 236237
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Index / 433 importance and use, 31, 220-221, 236 introduction of Germplasm resources into, 307-308 management, 223-224, 227-229, 231, 234-235 microorganisms, 221, 222, 242 problems, 221 purposes, 220, 237 recommendations, 236-238 seed increase, 231, 235 single-gene or single-trait variants, 224, 412 Genetic stocks alien addition and substitution lines, 225 chromosome number variants, 225 chromosome structure variants, 225 classes, 30-31 cytogenetic, 31, 225 defined, 219, 227, 409 electrophoretically detectable protein, 224 morphologic and physiologic variants, 224 multi-allelic, 31, 225, 410 near isogenic lines, 225 RFLP variants, 224 single-gene or single-trait variants, 31, 224, 412 transposable element, 224 wild relatives, 22~226 Genetic uniformity, 16, 47-50, 52-53, 55, 62, 67, 82 Genetic vulnerability, 36-37 to abiotic stresses, 51 agronomically related, 59 assessment and monitoring recommendations, 17, 81-83 changes in, 59-60 critical factors and assumptions, 4849 and crop diversity since 1970, 67-81 current levels, 80-81 defined, 15-16, 4~53, 409 in developing countries, 114 environment and, 51 to exotic pathogens, 58 IARC programs and, 99 measurement of, 52-53, 67-68 monocultures and, 50-51 in new regions, 58 and pesticide treatment, 602 prediction of, 68 uniformity and, 48, 49-50 varietal development of Germplasm and, 61-63 and varietal replacement over time, 63-66 Genetics Society of America, 221, 22 229 Germany, 37, 122, 213, 214, 240, 284 Germplasm defined, 409 demand for, 11 enhancement, 20-21, 63, 91, 9~96, 111, 112, 143, 184, 18~186, 200 evaluation of, see Evaluation of accessions global concerns, 37-40 importance, 32, 321 nature of, 29 sources of, 186, 272 usefulness, 21, 34-36; see also Use of Germplasm value of, 24, 102, 287-288 varietal development, 61-63 see also Exotic germplasm; Genetic resources Germplasm banks data bases, 213, 214 genetic erosion in, 27, 322 IBPGR role, 40, 86-89 linkages with breeders, 91 number, 40, 42, 153 size concerns, 42 storage capacity, 87 see also Collections of germplasm; Seed Germplasm users of active collections, 178-179 communication among, 165 perceptions of systems, 179-180 workers' communications with, 180, 183 Global Environmental Facility, 27, 342 Global Plant Genetic Resources initiative, 42 Golden mosaic virus, 94 Gossypium somalense, 126 Grain conservation status, 8 public sector research, 104
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, 125, 368 Guatemala, 97, 123, 144, 195 Gypsy moth, 259 H Hand polination, 159 Hard red winter wheat, 70, 174, 176-177 Herbarium specimens, 39 Herbicides, 79, 292 Hessian fly (Mayetiola destructor) , 70 Heterogeneity, genetic, and epidemics, 60 Human immunodeficiency virus, 249 Human tissue plasminogen activator, 249 Hungary, 284 Hybridization, 10, 34 barley, 185 collections used for, 62 defined, 410 microorganizations, 249 and proprietary rights, 280-281, 291 RFLP anlaysis, 199 and seed industry development, 10 109 seed regeneration and, 156, 157, 305306 wheat, 174 of wild species, 60 In situ conservation and accessibility of germplasm, 6, 7 costs and funding, 22 defined, 38, 117, 410 DNA probes and, 202 of domesticated species, 6, 127-128 ex situ methods combined with, 128 high-priority crops, 125 importance, 7, 117-119 on microorganisms, 43, 247-248 monitoring, 126 national programs, 122-124 Native Seeds/SEARCH, 128 obstacles to, 12~125, 126 population size, 22, 126 in protected areas, 125-127 range of species and genetic diversity, 118-119 recommendations, 22, 128-129 targets of sampling strategies, 121 in traditional agroecosystems, 127128 of wild species, 6, 18-19, 118, 120-125 In vitro conservation, 38 advantages, 190 of animals, 196-197 collection of germplasm, 193-194 disadvantages, 190 exchange of germplasm, 194-195, 276 laboratory facilities, 193-194 of plants, 172, 190-195 research needs, 22, 172, 203 storage, 192-193 Inbreeding/inbred species complete self-pollination, 155, 160, 161 defined, 410 depression, 158-159 RFLP analysis, 200 seed regeneration and, 160, 161 India agricultural production, 18 Central Rice Research Institute, 309 National Bureau of Plant Genetic Resources, 310 restrictions on germplasm distribution, 289 rice programs, 76, 293, 309-318 wheat crops, 65, 70, 115, 265 Indonesia, 76, 77, 115, 264, 293 Information on germplasm collections Barley Genetics Newsletter, 233-236 core subsets, 20
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, 5,15,25,39, 361 acquisition efforts, 86 activities, 364 approach, 88,365 budget, 322 control of, 333-334 criticisms of, 40-41 crop directories, 208 crop inventories, 214 data base, 194,208 evaluation role, 89-90 facilities, 93 formation, 37,40,85,322,361 germplasm bank development, 86-89, 132,290 global network, 365-366 IARC interaction with, 90 in situ conservation barriers, 126 mission, 40,85,364 and national programs, 90-91, 126 political issues, 322 recommended role, 26,254 Regional Committee for Southeast Asia, 180 standard descriptor lists, 181,209,366 sources of samples, 333 technical conferences, 41 viability threshold for seed regeneration, 166 International Center for Agricultural Research in Agroforestry, 39,374
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, 40, 98, 363 International Plant Genetic Resources Institute, 40, 85-86, 361 International Plant Protection Convention of 1951, 24, 266 International programs breeders' dissatisfaction with, 180 breeding programs, 308 consortia, 378-379 constraints on, 14-15, 41-42, 374-375 crop data bases, 362-364 funding, 26-27, 42 global genetic resources network, 132, 365-366 recommendations, 25-27, 379-380 role, 364-365 see also individual programs International Rice Germplasm Center, 293 International Rice Research Institute (IRRI) , 5, 38, 40, 92 alternative farming practices, 66 back-up collection, 132 breeding stock, 76, 77 catalog, 209 characterization activities, 162 computer system, 214 control methods, 164 data base, 363 effectiveness, 88 enhancement of germplasm, 186 exchange of germplasm, 293 Genetic Evaluation and Utilization Program, 163 genetic uniformity studies, 52-53 holdings, 9, 38-39, 293, 305 nurseries, 96 test crosses, 87 varietal development, 81 viability threshold for seed regeneration, 166 International Rice Testing Program, 98 International Salmonella Center, 242 International Union for the Conservation of Nature and Natural Resources, 91, 125 International Union of Biological Sciences, 240 International Union of Microbiological Societies, 240 International Wheat and Barley Genetics Symposia, 221 Intra-accession random pollination, 158 Introduced species pathogens from, 58 see also Exotic germplasm Introgression, 63, 74, 134, 178, 186 Irish potato famine, 36 Isoalleles, 137 Isolation methods, 10, 157, 158 Isozyme analysis, 20, 67, 138, 158, 167 Israel, 18, 125 Italy, 86, 214, 240 Japan, 37, 78, 87, 115, 241, 285-286, 290, 293 Johnson grass (Sorghum halepense)
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, 263 area planted and farm value, 64 biotechnology research, 107, 200 collections, 5, 9, 132, 290, 367 conservation status, 8 core subsets, 168 Costa Rica 76, 74 cultivated, 14~145 diversity of, 16, 101 domestication, 144, 290 economic value, 319 Ecuador 573 environmental stresses, 8 evolutionary processes and use of, 184, 18~186 exotic germplasm, 73-74 genetic stocks, 229 IARC varieties released in developing countries, 93 international conservation efforts, 89 Iowa Stiff Stalk Synthetic, 73, 185-186 isozyme variation, 8, 144-145 landraces, 73-74 Lancaster Sure Crop, 73 with nonviable pollen, 59 patents, 290-292 pathogens and pests, 57, 58 plant variety protection certificates, 291 pollination control, 159 private sector programs, 105, 106, 110, 290-291 productivity gains, 63, 75 programs, 81 proprietary lines, 108, 288 public sector research, 104, 290 resistance, 72, 74-75, 200, 292 sampling strategies, 141, 144-145 tissue culture techniques, 292 Tuxpeno-Hickory King, 74 varietal turnover, 74 vulnerability and diversity, 52, 61, 65, 72-75 wild relatives, 18, 123-124, 144 Maize bushy stunt mycoplasma, 73
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, 58 Molecular conservation technologies, 22 polymerase chain reaction, 200-201 randomly amplified polymorphic DNA markers, 121, 201-202 and redundancy problems, 182
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Index / 439 restriction fragment length polymorphism analysis, 20, 67-68, 121, 199-200 see also DNA Monarch butterflies, 269 Monitoring advanced materials, 175 in vitro storage and, 191 seed viability and genetic integrity, 158, 166 Monoclonal antibodies, 286 Monocultures, 16, 18, 36-37, 48, 50-51, 66, 67, 82 Monomorphism, 138 Multilines, 17, 66-67 Mungbean, 9, 95 Mutations, 33, 137, 166, 190, 242, 295; see also Genetic stock collections My co rrhiza e, 2 52 N National Academy of Sciences, 16 National Institutes of Health, 230, 235 National parks, 126 National Plant Genetic Resources Board, 99-100, 229 National programs breeding, 307-308 constraints on, 14, 81, 86-87, 90-91, 98, 124 costs, 114 in developing countries, 81, 114 emphasis on, 376-377 exchange of accessions, 348 IARC collaboration with, 92, 9~98 IBPGR interaction with, 90-91 in situ conservation, 122-124 need for, 14, 348 participants, 348-349 purpose, 347 recommendations, 26-27 sectorialism and, 124 status of, 349-359 strategic importance of collections, 20 structure, 347-348 technology adaptation and transfer role, 97 National Research Council, 68, 69, 72, 99-100 National Science Foundation, 230, 236 National Seed Storage Laboratory, 35, 89, 132, 133, 154, 165, 231, 234, 235, 359 National Small Grains Collection, 182 Native Americans, 128 Native Seeds/ SEARCH, 128 Natural monuments, 126 Natural selection, 1, 32, 50, 53-54, 60, 136, 159-160, 185 Nature reserves, 122-125 Nectarines, 78 Nematodes, 269 Netherlands, 37, 173, 213, 240, 242, 294 Neutral allele and core subset size, 169 defined, 410 frequency, 159 model, 135-136 New Zealand, 35~359 N.I. Vavilov All-Union Scientific Research Institute of Plant Industry, 349, 352 Niger, 77 Nigeria, 293 Nordic Gene Bank, 213 Nordic Register of Culture Collections, 241 North America genetic resources work, 359 pests or pathogens introduced into, 259 North American Plant Protection Organization, 267 North Carolina State University, 362 Nurseries disease and insect, 164 and exotic germplasm, 95-96 seed regeneration in, 157, 158 Nuts, 122 o Oats, 8, 104, 105, 106, 141-144, 322, 367 Oil crops, 8 Oil palm, 125, 172, 191, 289, 294-295, 323 Oil Palm Genetics Laboratory, 294 Oilseeds, 370 Okra, 154, 370 Onion, 104, 125, 355 Open pollination, 159
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Aunstrup case, 285 on genes, 286, 289 Hibberd case, 283, 284, 286, 291 Hybritech, Inc., case, 286 legislation, 280 litigation, 28~284 Lundak case, 285 maize, 290-292 Mancy case, 285 microbes, 246, 284-285, 297-298 oil palm, 294-295 Pfizer case, 289 Pioneer Hi-Bred Ltd. case, 283, 284 potatoes, 293-294 private sector breeding programs and, 107 process, 284-285, 286, 298 Rabies Virus case, 285 and research use of materials, 289 rice, 292-293 and public sector programs, 112 on traits, 286 transboundary effects, 28~284 utility, 101 and value of germplasm, 102 vegetatively propagated plants, 280 Pathogens detection, 267, 274 entry pathways, 269-270 environmental enhancement of effects, -57-58 exotic, 58 major, evolution of, 55-56 minor, enhancement of, 56-57 monitoring evolution of, 52 of quarantine significance, 262, 268269 Peaches, 78, 123 Peanuts, 9, 64, 80, 93, 105, 106, 122, 229 Pears, 58, 122, 124, 125 Peas, 33, 64, 104, 368 Pecan, 11, 179 Pedigrees, 52 Penicillium strains, 249 Pepper, 9, 95, 289 Perennial crops, 61, 190, 373, 411 Periconia root rot of sorghum, 175 Peru, 294 Pest control, quarantine and, 264 Pesticides natural insecticides, 252, 298 research, 105 use, 60, 77, 76, 80 Pests biocontrol, 252 biotype changes, 16 entry pathways, 269-270 monitoring evolution of, 52
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, 110 Pioneer populations, 126 Plant breeders interests in landraces and wild species, 21, 178-179 lines, 4, 30, 411 linkages with germplasm banks, 91 rights, 42, 92, 101, 295, 324, 331, 335 role in conservation, 21 Plant breeding biotechnology and, 108, 112 cost per new variety, 107 in developing countries, 26 expenditures on, 107, 108 funding for, 103, 111 number of companies conducting programs, 105 private sector role, 42, 104-108, 110 114 process, 60 and productivity gains, 63 proprietary protection and, 103, 283 public sector role, 102-104 Plant Breeding and Acclimatization Institute, 363 Plant disease epidemics, 36 Plant genetic resources nature of, 30-31 risk associated with transfer of, 272 see also Genetic resources Plant Genetic Resources Center (Ethiopia) , 207 Plant-pathogen relationships evolutionary nature, 53-55 regional movement of crop species and, 58 types, 55-60 Plant variety certificates, 13, 42, 101, 110, 112, 281, 283, 291 Plantation cultures, 58 importation of propagative materials, 262 in vitro conservation, 196-197 proprietary rights on, 281-284 -see also Crops Plasmids, 245-246, 249, 252, 286 Pleiotropy, 59, 411 Plum pox virus, 265 Plums, 79, 123 Political issues, 321-324, 327 Pollen, cryopreservation, 193 Pollution control, by microorganisms, 252 Polymerase chain reaction, 200-201, 203 Populus ilicifolia, 126 Porcine viruses, 196 Portugal, 240, 290 Potato late blight (Phytophthora infestans)
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442 / Index breeding programs, 104-108,110-114 corn hybrids, 52,290-291 developing-country role, 112-113 expenditures, 107 focus of research, 110, 111 number of companies in plant breeding, 105 recommended role, 302 rice development, 293 scientific personnel, 106 Proctoctists, 243 Programa Regional Cooperative de Papa, 81 Proprietary rights to animals, 284 biotechnology and, 13,14 and breeding activity, 279 control issues, 287-289 and exchange of germplasm, 24,25, 100-101 farmers' rights, 42,333 forms of protection, 13,42 and genetic diversity, 100-101,107, 279 and germplasm flows from developing countries, 279 human cell lines, 286 to hybrid corn, 42 implications of, 298-301 international impacts, 15, 101-102' 112-114,279,287-290 litigation, 283-287 on living beings, 280-287 to microbes, 284-286 to plants, 281-284 price issues, 287 and private sector programs, 104-108, 279 and public sector breeding programs, 102-104,112 recommendations, 301-302 related rights, 286-287 and research allocation, 289-290 and seed industry restructuring, 108110 species differences in, 298-299 see also Patents Protected areas categories, 125-126 conservation focus, 124 defined, 120 genetic reserves, 120-121 in situ conservation in, 120-121,125127 land area, 126 recommended use of, 129 Protozoa, 246 Prunus species, 12,78-79,124,265 Pseudomonas spp., 252 P syringae, 252 Pseudorabies virus, 196 Public networks, 52 Public sector biotechnology funding, 111, 112 breeding program decline, 102-104 focus of research, 110, 111, 112 maize breeding efforts, 290 proprietary protection and, 102-104, 112,292-294,301 rice development, 292-293 Pulses, 33,62 Q Quarantines and access to genetic resources, 12 biologic basis, 266-267 biotechnology and, 10, 12,194,200, 204 defined, 411 detection methods, 267 and exchange of genetic resources, 264-267 first, plant, 34 functions, 260,267,276-277 and genetic diversity, 276 geographic basis, 268 and global transfer of plant genetic resources, 262-273,275-277 historical background, 1 implementation, 12 importation of genetic resources, 273274 in vitro collections and, 194 international activities, 24 legal basis, 23-24,265-266 as pest control strategy, 264 phytosanitary certificates, 264,266 policies and practices, 24,275-277 principles, 260-261,264 recommendations, 23-24,274-277 regional organizations, 266,267 regulations, 12,23-24,34,261,273
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Index / 443 risk reduction, 260-262 significant pests and pathogens, 268269 and size of collections, 167 species subject to, 260-262 third-party, 264, 274, 275 uses, 259 R Random genetic drift, 156, 159, 160 Recommendations agronomic management strategies, 82-83 assessment and monitoring of crop vulnerability, 15-18, 81-83 back-up collections, 151 biotechnology, 22-23, 202-204, 274275 collection of germplasm, 151-152 conflict resolution, 344-346 core subsets, 19-20, 171 crop breeding programs, 114-116 data base development, 116, 20~204, 238 developing-country programs, 26-27, 129, 301, 345-346 documentation, 21, 187, 216-217, 238 economic assessment, 319-320 evaluation of accessions, 187 exchange of germplasm, 24, 25, 26-27, 276, 301 funding mechanisms, 27, 236-237, 345, 380 genetic enhancement programs, 2021, 186 genetic stability enhancement strategies, 17-18 genetic stock collections, 236-238 in situ conservation, 18, 22, 128-129 in vitro tissue cultures, 22, 203 international conservational efforts, 115-116, 379-380 investment recommendations, 320 management of genetic resources, 1821, 170-172, 20~204 multilevel collaborations, 28 national and international programs, 25-27, 345-346, 379-380 proprietary rights, 24-25, 301-302 protected areas for conservation, 129 quarantine policies, 2~24, 274-277 redundancy elimination, 20, 171-172 research, 2~25, 129, 172, 20~204, 274-275, 320 sampling and sample size, 151-152 seed regeneration, 18-19, 170 size of collections, 18-20, 129, 171 storage methods, 172, 203 training of germplasm workers, 172, 275-276 use of germplasm, 21, 115-116, 186187, 20~204 wild varieties, 18, 22, 129 Regeneration in tissue culture, 191 see also Seed regeneration Regional programs, 96-97, 98, 114, 115 Registration of cultivars, 18~184 Relationships, see Plant-pest relationships Relay plantings, 17-18, 66-67 Resistance alleles, 54 boom-and-bust cycles, 77 breakdown, 5~54 crop rotations and, 76 cytoplasmic inheritance and, 76 durability, 56 environmental stresses and, 51, 57, 102 evaluation of, 164 exotic germplasm and, 7~74 genes, 52 genetic markers, 200 and high yield, 61 and host-pathogen relationships, 55, 56 kinds of, 54-55 life cycle and, 59 major-gene, 55-56, 82 mixture/interaction, 55 of modern varieties, 60-61 to mosaic viruses, 94 in multiline varieties, 67 polygenic/horizontal, 54, 98-99 to potato late blight, 55-56 pyramiding of genes and, 56, 61, 70, 82 to rust, 55-56, 68-69, 72, 96 screening, 95 sources of germplasm for, 268
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saliva, 309 patents, 292-293 pedigree analysis, 310, 315 pests and pathogens, 16, 59, 76-77, 305, 308 pricing methods, 309-318 private sector breeding programs, 105, 106, 293 public sector research, 104, 292-293 regression analysis of data on, 313316 released varieties in India, 310-313 semidwarfism, 59, 75, 76, 77, 93, 96 test crosses, 87 value of germplasm stocks, 317 varietal releases, 310-311, 314 viruses, 16 vulnerability and diversity, 16, 52, 53, 75-78, 96, 114-115 wild, 164, 305, 309 see also International Rice Research Institute Rice yellow mottle virus, 77 Rick, Charles M., 229, 232 Rinderpest, 12, 259-260 Robertson, D W., 234 Rockefeller Foundation, 38, 335 Root crops, 9, 62, 93-95, 369 Rootworms (Crambus caliginosellus)
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From page 445... ...
Index / 445 for evaluation of accessions, 163 inbreeding depression and drift and, 158-159 isozyme analysis and, 138 maintenance and, 181-182 mating system and, 7-8, 159 minimal number, 149-150 mobility and, 7 population factors, 150 practical considerations, 147-148 recommendations, 151-152 seed regeneration and, 10, 18-19, 158159, 171, 181-182 and use of systems, 181 variable strategy, 169 Sampling/ samples ecological factors, 150, 152 documentation, 207 for evaluation experiments, 163 expedition and explorations, 35 first multiplication, 150 formulation of strategies, 139-141 limiting factors, 134-135 lower-frequency alleles, 146-147, 148149 mating system and, 7, 10, 151 measures of genetic diversity and, 134, 135-138 microbes, for patents, 285-286 mobility and, 7 neutral allele model and, 135-136, 169 number of sites, 150-151 population factors, 150 principles and standards, 38 recommendations, 151-152 strategies, 134-135, 151 stratified, 150, 169 units, 135, 147-150 and use of systems, 181 San Jose scale, 259 Sandwich assay process, 286 Sary-Chelck Reserve, 124 Scale insects, 269 Scandinavia, 37, 241 Seed artificial, 193 banks, 38; see Collections of germplasm; Germplasm banks catalogue legislation, 283 conservation funding through, 27 dissemination of, 231 dormancy, 154, 163, 172 germination tests, 154 increase, 231 inviable, 39 management data, 215 risk from importation, 270, 273 sales information, 52 shattering, 21, 150, 154, 164 short-lived, 118, 194 small-scale production, 113-114 storage alternatives, 190-197 storage facilities, 87, 134 viability, 89, 154, 156, 166, 412 world market, 110 Seed industry in developing countries, 26, 112-113 development, 34 hybrid breeding methods, 108-109 proprietary initiatives and, 108-110 response to resistance breakdown, 72 restructuring, 108-110, 324, 334-336 varietal losses, 65-66 Seed regeneration breeding systems, 155-156, 161 characterization and, 162 contamination from outcrossing, 157158, 182 counterselection, 158 defined, 412 differential survival during, 157-158 genetic drift, 154, 158-160, 170 and genetic integrity, 10, 132, 154155, 156-160, 170, 182 inbreeding depression and drift, 158159 of inbreeding species, 160 intervals, 170-171 isolation methods, 10, 158 of landraces or wild species, 160-161 for multiplication for distribution and use, 155, 170 natural selection, 10, 159-160 population size, 10, 158-159 problems, 154, 156, 171, 182, 366 recommendations, 18-19, 170 for rejuvenation of stored accessions, 155, 170 selection during, 158 size of germplasm collection and, 1819 type of collection and, 134
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, 8, 141144, 145 Smuts, 248 Snails, 269 Soft red winter wheat, 70, 174 Somaclonal variations, 192 Sorghum, 33 area planted and farm value, 64 collections, 5, 9, 367 conservation status, 8 diversity, 101 IARC varieties released in developing countries, 93 pathogens and pests, 175 private sector breeding programs, 105, 106, 110 productivity gains, 63 proprietary lines, 108 public sector research, 104 short-stature, 123 tropical-to-temperate adaptation, 185 vulnerability, 65, 76 wild species, 126 Sorghum arundinaceum, 126 South American leaf blight (Dothidella ulei) , 58, 264, 268 Southern African Development and Coordination Conference, 357 Southern corn leaf blight (Helminthosporium maydis)
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, 75 Turf grasses, 105, 106 Turkey wheat, 174 U Unilever, 295 Union for the Protection of New Varieties of Plants, 101, 335 United Kingdom, 37, 63, 86, 173, 213, 241, 285, 295 United Nations Conference on Environment and Development, 13, 14, 27, 339, 343, 375 Conference on Human Environment, 253, 361 Development Program, 27, 208, 342 Educational, Scientific, and Cultural Organization, 240 Environment Program, 27, 41, 91, 342 World Intellectual Property Organization, 101 United States agricultural production, 3 crop genetic diversity, 16, 78, 114-115 genetic stock collections, 229-232 germplasm collections, 9, 290 global impact of activities in, 99-114 landrace conservation, 128 microbial culture collections, 241 patents, 285-286, 287-288, 293-294 Plant Patent Act of 1930, 280, 335 Plant Variety Protection Act, 91, 100, 104, 107, 109, 280, 323-324 potatoes, 293-294 rice breeding programs, 115, 292-293 wheat breeding programs, 72, 115 see also U.S. entries Universidad Politechnica, 363 University of Birmingham, 213 California, Davis, 229-232 Malaya, 363 Maryland, 253 Reading, 363 Southampton, 362 Use of germplasm biotechnology and, 203-204 breeders' perceptions and practices, 62-63, 88, 114-115, 174-179, 180183, 206 core subsets and, 20, 88-89, 169 documentation and, 181, 212-213 evaluation of accessions and, 162 evolutionary processes and, 33, 184186
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South Regional Performance Nursery, 70 V Varietal mixtures, 17 commercial, 30, 65-66 copies of, 101 defined, 30, 412 folk, 30, 409 IARC, released by national authorities, 93 kinds, 30 market changes, 6~65 obsolete, 4, 30, 32, 34, 410 primitive, 30, 60, 63, 411 replacement, 51 resistant, 54 see also Cultivars; Genetic stocks; Landraces; Plant breeders' lines Vavilov, N I., 35, 349, 350 Vegetables biotechnology research, 107 collections, 9~95, 369, 370 private sector programs, 105, 106, 107 public sector research, 104 rotations, 66 Vegetatively propagated crops, 88, 190, 194, 271-272, 276, 280, 281-282 Vernorlia galamensis, 126 Vietnam, 76, 77 Vigna spp., 368 Viruses detection, 276 entry pathways, 269, 273 in filamentous fungi, 245-246 nematode-transmitted, 273 pathogens, 12, 16, 57, 73-74 preservation problems, 245-246, 247 seedborne, 273 species in collections, 243 see also individual species Vulnerability of crop varieties, see Genetic vulnerability W W
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, 58,259 Wild and weedy relatives, 62,86,150, 153,226,294,412-413 Wild goat grass (Aegilops ventricosa) , 21 Wild oats, 262; see also Slender wild oats Wild species, 4 allelic and genotype diversity, 141-144 in breeding programs, 60,111 conservation areas, 120-121 defined, 413 evaluation of, 163,164 gene pool classifications, 31 as genetic resources, 21,35,119-121, 225-226 habitat losses, 36 high priorities for conservation, 125 importance, 32,34,86,120 in situ conservation, 18-19,22,118, 121-127,129 natural selection, 32 pathogen/pest introduction with, 262-263,276 population dynamics studies, 125 in protected areas, 126 recommended research, 22,129 seed regeneration, 154,160-161,163 self-polinating, 141-144 uses, 119 value of cultivars, 119 Wine grapes, pests, 36-37 Witch weed, 259 Woody stocks, 36 World Bank, 27,342 World Barley Genetic Stock Center, 233 World Conservation Union, 91 World Data Center for Microorganisms, 240,244 World Federation of Culture Collections, 240,244,253 World Health Organization, 242 World Wide Fund for Nature, 91 y Yams, 8,96,172,195 Yeast Genetic Stock Center, 242 Yeasts (Saccharomyces sp.)
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, 79 pp., ISBN 0-309-03496-5. Nutrient Requirements of Sheep, Sixth Revised Edition (1985)
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Key Terms
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