Laboratory Animal Management Dogs (1994) / Chapter Skim
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5 VETERINARY CARE
5 VETERINARY CARE
Pages 51-75
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From page 51... ...
Aspects of veterinary care dealing with the use of anesthetics and analgesics, surgery and postsurgical care, and euthanasia are taken up in the last three sections. The medical aspects of reproductive disorders are discussed in Chapter 4; special care for pups is also reviewed in Chapter 4 and addressed in detail elsewhere (Hoskins, 19901.
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From page 52... ...
by the dealer before sale. Purpose-bred dogs are those from known matings that have limited exposure to infectious diseases.
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CONTROL OF INFECTIOUS DISEASES General Considerations There are three important strategies for controlling canine infectious diseases: examining dogs on arrival and refusing to accept dogs that exhibit
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From page 54... ...
Protection against these pathogens is discussed briefly below. Detailed information on canine infectious diseases is available in a number of general references (e.g., Appel, 1987; Barlough, 1988; Greene, 1990~.
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From page 55... ...
A regular immunization program, quarantine of nonconditioned random-source dogs, and rigorous sanitation practices will help to protect against infectious agents inadvertently introduced into an established colony. Annual vaccination with a multivalent vaccine is generally recommended, although immunity to CDV and CPV-2 generally persists for at least 3 years.
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From page 56... ...
A multivalent vaccine that protects against distemper, hepatitis, leptospirosis, and parvovirus and parainfluenza infections can be used. An intranasal vaccine against Bordetella bronchiseptica, which causes kennel cough, is generally recommended.
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Purposebred SPF dogs are available commercially. If bred by the institution, initial breeding stock should be procured from dogs free of latent infectious agents, and all offspring taken by hysterectomy or cesarean section.
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From page 58... ...
En do parasites SPF dogs and purpose-bred dogs often host both protozoan and helminthic endoparasites. The protozoa include Isospora spp., Giardia spp., trichomonads, Cryptosporidium spp., Balantidium spp., and amebas.
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From page 59... ...
Isospora spp. have direct life cycles (i.e., no intermediate host is required)
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From page 60... ...
The eggs of this parasite develop more rapidly than those of Toxocara cants but are just as resistant to extremes of heat, cold, and humidity. Toxascaris leonina is commonly present in the small intestines of older purpose-bred and SPF dogs, but it is not known how the cycle is maintained in these colonies.
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From page 61... ...
In addition to infection with the same parasites found in purpose-bred and SPF dogs, random-source dogs are likely to be infected with parasites that are relatively rare or that require intermediate hosts as part of their life cycles. If the intermediate hosts are uncommon (e.g., snails, then crayfish
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From page 62... ...
Babesiosis, caused by Babesia cants or Babesia gibsoni, can be introduced into colonies or kennels through an infected dog, an infected tick, or a blood transfusion. Once it is in an establishment, horizontal transmission typically occurs through exposure to infected blood that is not handled properly or through ticks, particularly Rhipicephalus sanguineus.
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Signs include withdrawing, attempting to bite if touched, and adopting unusual postures (e.g., the laterally flexed position commonly adopted after lateral thoracotomy)
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Table 5.3 lists the degree and duration of pain that can be expected after surgery on various parts of a dog's body. Although pain thresholds are similar between individuals and even between species, pain tolerance varies widely.
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From page 65... ...
It can also induce seizure-like activity in dogs unless it is used in conjunction with another drug, such as diazepam, acepromazine, or xylazine. Chloralose and urethane are injectable anesthetics that have been used in some experiments; however, chloralose alone is a poor anesthetic that produces little analgesia unless it is combined with an opiate such as morphine (Rubal and Buchanan, 1986)
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From page 66... ...
Local anesthetics alone are ordinarily used for only the most minor of surgical interventions; but they can be given either intrathecally or epidurally (usually via the lumbosacral space) to provide segmental anesthesia of caudal body parts sufficient for major surgery (e.g., celiotomy)
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From page 67... ...
are often used as adjuncts to injectable anesthetic drugs, such as the barbiturates and ketamine, because they reduce the dose necessary to produce anesthesia and provide muscle relaxation (Greed, 1987!
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From page 68... ...
The successful practice of survival surgery requires strict adherence to aseptic surgical technique, as well as provision of adequate postoperative care and analgesia for the experimental subject. Aseptic techniques also have some value in major nonsurvival surgical procedures (Slattum et al., 1991~.
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From page 69... ...
A heating pad is useful for maintaining body temperature. If inhalant anesthetics are used, the anesthetized dog should be ventilated (tidal volume, 15-20 ml/kg; respiratory rate, 13-20 breaths/minute)
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Unruly or aggressive dogs should be sedated or tranquilized to facilitate the restraint necessary for smooth intravenous injection. Intravenous injection is the preferred route of administration because venipuncture is easily performed on most dogs by trained, experienced personnel.
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Ether, unlike most contemporary inhalant anesthetics, is flammable and explosive; therefore, its use is not recommended. Carbon monoxide and carbon dioxide both cause death by hypoxia.
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1961. Control procedures for infectious diseases of dogs.
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Pp. 573-584 in Infectious Diseases of the Dog and Cat, C
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, Institute of Laboratory Animal Resources, Committee on Care and Use of Laboratory Animals.
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VETERINARY CARE 75 animals.
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