Science and Judgment in Risk Assessment (1994) / Chapter Skim
Currently Skimming:
1 Introduction
1 Introduction
Pages 16-22
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From page 16... ...
Alongside that concern exists skepticism about many of the possible threats to human health. The skepticism has arisen in part because scientists disagree.
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From page 17... ...
They influence decision-makers as they attempt to balance the view that emission of hazardous air pollutants should be minimized or even eliminated, versus the view that meeting stringent control standards might cause other problems unacceptable to society. Accurate risk assessments are also needed to determine whether public health protection is adequate.
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From page 18... ...
We have therefore refrained from addressing such risk management issues. We do, however, note that risk assessment and risk management are integrally related.
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From page 19... ...
· The use and limitations of risk assessment in establishing emission or effluent standards, ambient standards, exposure standards, acceptable concentrations, tolerances, or the environmental criteria for hazardous substances that present a risk of carcinogenic or other chronic health effects and the suitability of risk assessment for such purposes. · The most appropriate methods for measuring and describing cancer risks or risks of other chronic health effects associated with exposure to hazardous substances.
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From page 20... ...
There is, of course, uncertainty in the engineering and economic assumptions leading to EPA's estimates of the impact on industry of a regulation mandating specified magnitudes of risk. However, the committee was asked only to address EPA's implementation of risk assessment relative to public health, not the economic consequences of such regulation.
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From page 21... ...
The committee attempted to address the specific issues that arise from the uses of risk assessment under Section 112 of the Clean Air Act, which mandates the regulation of hazardous air pollutants. As amended in 1990, Section 112 deemphasizes risk assessment in the initial phase of regulation, in which EPA is to establish "technology-based" standards for categories of sources that emit hazardous air pollutants.
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From page 22... ...
22 SCIENCE AND JUDGMENT IN RISK ASSESSMENT Two documents were also prepared by some comrn~ttee members to reflect the committee's inability to reach consensus on how EPA should choose and refine its "default options" for conducting risk assessments when basic scientific mechanisms are unknown. One view espouses a principle of "plausible conservatism," while the other advocates "making full use of science."
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