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From page 373... ... , and parental exposure, 307 Additive background model, cancer risk, 328-330 373 Adolescence, see Age-related differences Adults, see Age-related differences Adverse effect, definition, 327 Age groups, in data analyses, 5, 6, 315 Age-related differences, 2-7,11-12, 19, 105-107 carcinogenesis, 75, 351 cholinesterase inhibition, 53-54 dermal absorption, 77-78 dietary composition, 4, 38, 103, 181-187, 193-194, 196 gastrointestinal absorption, 82 metabolism, 38-39, 55-57 pharmacokinetics, 55-59, 106 physiology, 3, 36, 37, 39-43 protein binding, 85-86 pulmonary exposure, 79-80 risk assessment, 7, 11-12, 344-345 Agricultural application, see Application rates and methods; Field trials Agricultural Marketing Service, 216 Read the entire page →
From page 374... ... See also Dieldrin Alveolar epithelium, 79 Aminocarb, 67 Amphetamines, pesticide interactions, 348 Androgens, 28 Anemia animal studies, 29-30 aplastic, 311 and poverty, 343 Anesthetics, 56 Animal models and studies, 107, 360, 362 acute effects, 50-53, 130, 133, 136, 334-335, 344 brain development, 25, 26, 60 carcinogenesis, 34, 41-42, 70-75, 145-146, 334-338, 344-345 chronic effects, 145-146, 154 developmental toxicity, 4, 9, 29-32, 43-44, 146-147 end points, 52, 153 extrapolation of, 20, 25, 43, 76-77, 96-102, 110, 324-328, 335-338, 360, 361 guidelines, 109, 129-131, 152-156 immunotoxicity, 9, 66-68 LD50 studies, 50-53, 334-335, 344 metabolism, 150-151, 153 mutagenicity, 128, 150 neurotoxicity, 9, 65-66, 128, 151 152, 155-156 reproductive toxicity, 9, 128, 147 149, 155 scaling, 96-102, 97-99, 110, 337 subchronic effects, 130, 137, 144 145 TD50 studies, 334-335 uncertainty factors, 9, 325-328, 360, 361 Anticancer drugs, 57-59, 75 Anticonvulsants, 56-57 Antihistamines, pesticide interaction, 348 Aplastic anemia, and chlordane, 311 Apples, 248, 254, 256 juices, 249, 353-357 pesticide use, 273, 275 processed products, 259 Application rates and methods, 13, 14-16, 203-204 aerial, 308-309 and exposure estimates, 317, 318 geographic variations, 204-206, 228, 317 and sampling variation, 224, 226227 see also Field trials Arsenicals, 14 Arylesterase, 54, 346 Atherosclerosis, 344 Atrazine, 246 in water, 228, 229, 230, 232 Autocrine mechanisms, 28 Average daily intakes, 6, 11, 271-272, 315, 317 Azidothymidine (AZT) , 59-60 Azinphos, 273 B Bananas, aldicarb residues, 289-296 Behavioral function, 24, 32, 62 low-level exposure and effects, 6364, 65 Benchmark dose, 338, 362 Benomyl, 244, 246, 269, 277 Read the entire page →
From page 375... ... See also Extracellular fluid volume Body size and proportions, 28 and scaling, 97-99, 337 Bone, 35, 76 Brain blood-brain barrier, 89-90 cancer, 76 development, 25, 26, 28, 32, 34, 60 water composition, 36 see also Neurotoxicity Breast cancer, 30-31 Breastfeeding, 182, 188-192, 340-341, 358-359 and lanolin, 313 residue levels in milk, 239-244, 261 Bronchitis, and chlordane, 311 Butyl mercapatan, 309 C Caffeine, 91, 92 California residue monitoring program, 219220 Telone ban, 308 Captan, 246, 274 immunotoxicity, 67 in infant foods, 248, 254 potency factors, 335 Carbamates, 15, 16, 246 choline ste ra se 298, 309-310 in home-use products, 309-310, 313 neurotoxicity, 63-64, 341 see also Aldicarb Carbaryl, 257 Carcinogenesis and neoplasms, 70, 76, 333, 349-351 age-related differences, 75, 351 animal studies, 34, 41-42, 70-75, 128, 129, 137, 145-146, 334-338, 344-345 benomyl, 277 and cell proliferation, 29, 30-32, 71, 75, 352-353 and functional development, 34, 41-42 lifetime risk, 351-357 and metabolism, 71, 75 and parental exposure, 307-308 risk assessment, 11-12, 323-324, 325, 328-338, 344-345, 349-357, 362 Telone, 308 Cell proliferation, 29, 34 and carcinogenesis, 29, 30-32, 71, 75, 352-353 Cell size, 29, 36, 352 Central nervous system, see Brain; Neurotoxicity Cereals, 259-260 Certification of field inspectors, 211 of labs, 222 Cervical cancer, 31 Chloramphenicol, 3, 50, 55 Chlordane home use, 310-311 in human milk, 242 Chlordimeform, 335 Chlorinated hydrocarbon insecticides, 14-15 in ambient air, 309 in human milk, 239-241 Chlorpyrifos and arylesterase, 346 home use of, 310, 311 inhibition, 52-53, Read the entire page →
From page 376... ... , 40 Cyclodienes, in human milk, 242-243 Cyclophosphamide, 59 Cytochrome P-450, 345, 347-348 D Daily intakes, 6, 11, 271-272, 315, 317 acceptable, 132, 315, 324-326 and surveys, 161-162, 166-168, 271-272 Data bases of residue tests, 10, 217, 222, 223, 261 statistical convolution of, 5-6, 268, 275-277 Data collection and reporting, 4, 5, 7, 11, 107, 224-227, 260-261, 268, 314. See also Data bases; Field trials; Food consumption surveys; Laboratory analyses; Risk assessment; Samples and sampling methods; Testing methods and protocols; Uncertainty factors Daunomycin, 58 DDT, 14-15 in human milk, 240-241 Deet, 312, 346 DEF, 309 Definitions of adverse effect, 327 of developmental toxicology, 49 of pesticides, 14 Degradation products, 10, 206-207 Dental enamel dysplasia, 3 Dermal exposure, 77-79, 307 age-related differences, 77-78 and drug interactions, 349 playground equipment, 312 topical treatment, 312-313 Detection limits, see Limit of detection Development, see Age-related differences; Behavioral function; Read the entire page →
From page 377... ... (Telone) , 227, 308 Dichlorvos, 310 Dicrotophos, 244 Dieldrin, 14, 52 in human milk, 241 immuno to xi city, 6 7 Dietary composition, 10 age-related differences, 4, 38, 103, 181-187, 193-194, 196 infantile, 192-193, 246-247 intra-age group variation, 195 see also Food consumption surveys Dietary exposure, 19, 267-270, 275277, 314-315, 317-319 aldicarb, 288-296 benomyl, 278-287 of infants, 248-260 passim organophosphates, 302-307 peak levels, 6, 272, 317 see also Breastfeeding; Daily intakes; Dietary composition; Food consumption surveys; Gastrointestinal absorption; Infant formula; Water consumption Dietary Residue Evaluation System (DRES) Read the entire page →
From page 378... ... , 1, 13, 14, 17, 127, 208 Females body composition, 35 water consumption, 173, 177 Fetal alcohol syndrome, 61 Fetal development and effects, 20, 23, 61, 360, 361 pharmacokinetic models, 12, 339 341 Field trials, 10, 208, 269, 315-316, 317 benomyl, 280-281 and tolerances, 2, 8, 18 Fish and Wildlife Service (FWS) , 216-217 Fish-eye disease, 346 Flea control products, 309, 311 Florida, residue monitoring program, 220 Flour, in infant foods, 259-260 Foggers, 309, 311 Food, see Daily intakes; Dietar,v composition; Dietar,v exposure; Food consumption surveys; Infant formula; Milk; Processed foods; Raw agricultural commodities; Water consumption Food additives, 65 Food and Drug Administration (FDA) Read the entire page →
From page 379... ... , 59-60 Human Nutrition Information Service (HNIS) , 160 Hyperactivity, 65 Hyperplasia, see Cell proliferation Hypersensitivity, 68, 70 Hypertrophy, 29, 36, 352 Hypothalamus, 28 I Illegal pesticide use, 7 Immunoassays, 212 Immunotoxicity, 66, 108, 110 aldicarb, 66-67, 69 hypersensitivity, 68, 70 TCCD, 68, 69 testing, 9, 66-68, 155 Indicine N-oxide, 59 Individual daily intakes, 6, 11, 315, 317 Indoor pesticide use, 309-311 Inert ingredients, 342-343 Infant formula, 173, 180-181, 192 residue levels, 232-239, 261 soy-based, 236-239 Infant Nutrition Survey, 170 Infants, 3, 26, 28, 29, 37, 106, 108 body composition, 24, 27, 35-36 chemical distribution factors, 87-88 Read the entire page →
From page 380... ... , 207, 213214 Limit of quantification (LOW, 213 214, 225, 273-274, 316, 318 Lindane in human milk, 241 immunotoxicity, 67 neurotoxicity, 312-313 in topical applications, 312-313 Linear extrapolation, 328-330, 331 332 Lipid solubility and human milk, 239, 358-359 and pulmonary absorption, 80 and tissue distribution, 88, 89 Liquid chromatography, 212, 218 Read the entire page →
From page 381... ... , 326 Maximum tolerated dose (MTD) , 5759, 107, 130, 145, 330, 334-335, 338 Mechanism of action, 3-4, 11-12, 19, 105-107 and multiple residue exposure, 7, 11, 316, 318-319 Mercury poisoning, 347 Metabolism, 19, 41, 51-52, 76-77, 151, 153 age-related differences, 38-39, 5557, 105 and carcinogenesis, 71, 75 and cholinesterase inhibition, 53 development, 28, 35, 36-38 of drugs, 36, 55-57, 59, 91 genetic polymorphism, 345-346 infantile, 38, 55, 90-94 and scaling, 98, 99, 101-102, 337 Metabolites, testing of, 10, 128, 150151 Methodology, see Animal models and studies; End points; Food consumption surveys; Limit of detection; Limit of quantification; Models; Multiresidue methods; Probability distribution; Reference doses; Risk assessment; Samples and sampling methods; Scaling; Statistical convolution; Testing methods and protocols; Uncertainty factors Methylmercury, 84 Methylphenidate, pesticide interactions, 348. Read the entire page →
From page 382... ... , 209, 212-213, 318 FDA, 217-218, 253 quality assurance, 223-224 Multistage models, cancer risk, 328330, 332-334, 345 Multistage samples, food consumption surveys, 165 Muscle, 28, 36 Mutagenicity, 37-38, 70, 330, 331, 333-334 testing, 128, 150 see also Carcinogenesis and neoplasms MVK model, 333-334 Myelination, 28, 34-35 N National Alachlor Well Water Survey, 228-229 National Cancer Institute (NCI) , 172 173 National Center for Health Statistics, 160 National Food Processors Association (NFPA) Read the entire page →
From page 383... ... , 9, 103, 132, 325 chlorpyrifos, 310 o Occupational exposure, 313 of parents, 307-308, 316 Oral exposure, see Dietary exposure; Gastrointestinal absorption Organochlorines, see Chlorinated hydrocarbon insecticides Organophosphates, 7, 15, 16, 52, 246, 297-298 in ambient air, 309 choline stera se inhib iti on, 5 2-5 3, 297, 298-302, 309-310, 347 drug interactions, 347 and genetic polymorphism, 346 in home-use products, 309-310, 313 neurotoxicity, 63-64, 341 Organs functional development, 34, 39-41 physical growth, 32-35 water composition, 36 see also specific organs and effects Ornithine carbamoyltransferase (OCT) deficiency, 346 Outdoor air, exposure from, 308-309 Ovaries, 32 Oxidant stress, 38 Oxychlordane, in human milk, 242 p Paracrine mechanisms, 28 Paraoxon, 345, 346 Parathion cholinesterase inhibition, 52-53 metabolic polymorphism, 346 in processed foods, 257 Parental occupational exposure, 307308, 316 Peanuts, 15 Pediculocides, 312-313 Pentachlorophenol (PCP) Read the entire page →
From page 384... ... , 8, 9, 18, 132, 315, 357-358, 361 calculation of, 326-327, 338 Regional differences, see Geographic variations Registration of pesticides, 10, 15, 16, 17-18, 208 testing requirements, 127-128, 208 see also Field trials Regression analysis, 102-105 Regulation, 1-2, 5, 7, 12, 13, 14, 17-18 of drugs, 54-55 of inert ingredients, 342-343 see also Registration of pesticides; Tolerances Renal system, see Kidneys Repellants, 312-313 Reproductive toxicity diethylstilbestrol, 37 testing, 9, 128, 147-149, 155 Residues, see Dietary exposure; Monitoring and surveillance programs; Samples and sampling methods; Testing methods and protocols; Tolerances Resistance, to chlorinated pesticides, 15 Respiratory exposure, see Pulmonary exposure Retinoblastoma, 75-76 Retrospective survey methods, 161164 Risk assessment, 6-7, 12, 20, 323-328, 359-363 Read the entire page →
From page 385... ... , 209 State monitoring programs, 219-221 Statistical convolution, of distributions, 5-6, 268, 275-277, 314-315, 362-363 Steroids, and metabolism, 94 Stochastic processes, 323-324 Stratified samples, food consumption surveys, 165 Subchronic studies, 130, 137, 144-145 Suburbs, and airborne exposure, 309 Sulfur compounds, 14 Surface contamination, 311-312 Surface water, residue levels, 230 232 Surveillance, see Monitoring and surveillance programs Surveys, see Food consumption surveys Synergistic interactions, 341-342 with drugs, 347-349 Synthetic organic compounds, 14-15 Synthetic pyrethroid compounds, 15, 16 T Tangier's disease, 346 TDso studies, 334-335 Telone (1,3-D) , 227, 308 Teratogenicity, 49, 103. Read the entire page →
From page 386... ... food consumption surveys, 160, 164 monitoring programs, 216, 219 pesticide use and testing data, 204, 209-210 Uterus, 32 cancer, 30-31 V Vaginal cancer, 30-31 Validation of food consumption survey data, 168-169 of residue analyses, 215 Vegetables, 15, 194, 195 residue levels, 249-252 Vincristine, 59 Vinyl chloride, 31 Visual system studies, 152, 156 W Water, body, 24, 27, 35-36. See also Extracellular fluid volume Water consumption, 4, 35, 173, 176182 passim, 196 calculation, 172-173 and residue levels, 227-232, 261, 307, 359 sources, 173, 17~175, 194 Watermelons, aldicarb poisoning outbreak, 53, 268 Weight, 97, 325, 337 Weighting factors, food consumption surveys, 167 Well water residue levels, 228-230 Wheat, 15 Wood preservatives, 311, 312 Read the entire page →

From page 373...

... , and parental exposure, 307 Additive background model, cancer risk, 328-330 373 Adolescence, see Age-related differences Adults, see Age-related differences Adverse effect, definition, 327 Age groups, in data analyses, 5, 6, 315 Age-related differences, 2-7,11-12, 19, 105-107 carcinogenesis, 75, 351 cholinesterase inhibition, 53-54 dermal absorption, 77-78 dietary composition, 4, 38, 103, 181-187, 193-194, 196 gastrointestinal absorption, 82 metabolism, 38-39, 55-57 pharmacokinetics, 55-59, 106 physiology, 3, 36, 37, 39-43 protein binding, 85-86 pulmonary exposure, 79-80 risk assessment, 7, 11-12, 344-345 Agricultural application, see Application rates and methods; Field trials Agricultural Marketing Service, 216

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From page 374...

... See also Dieldrin Alveolar epithelium, 79 Aminocarb, 67 Amphetamines, pesticide interactions, 348 Androgens, 28 Anemia animal studies, 29-30 aplastic, 311 and poverty, 343 Anesthetics, 56 Animal models and studies, 107, 360, 362 acute effects, 50-53, 130, 133, 136, 334-335, 344 brain development, 25, 26, 60 carcinogenesis, 34, 41-42, 70-75, 145-146, 334-338, 344-345 chronic effects, 145-146, 154 developmental toxicity, 4, 9, 29-32, 43-44, 146-147 end points, 52, 153 extrapolation of, 20, 25, 43, 76-77, 96-102, 110, 324-328, 335-338, 360, 361 guidelines, 109, 129-131, 152-156 immunotoxicity, 9, 66-68 LD50 studies, 50-53, 334-335, 344 metabolism, 150-151, 153 mutagenicity, 128, 150 neurotoxicity, 9, 65-66, 128, 151 152, 155-156 reproductive toxicity, 9, 128, 147 149, 155 scaling, 96-102, 97-99, 110, 337 subchronic effects, 130, 137, 144 145 TD50 studies, 334-335 uncertainty factors, 9, 325-328, 360, 361 Anticancer drugs, 57-59, 75 Anticonvulsants, 56-57 Antihistamines, pesticide interaction, 348 Aplastic anemia, and chlordane, 311 Apples, 248, 254, 256 juices, 249, 353-357 pesticide use, 273, 275 processed products, 259 Application rates and methods, 13, 14-16, 203-204 aerial, 308-309 and exposure estimates, 317, 318 geographic variations, 204-206, 228, 317 and sampling variation, 224, 226227 see also Field trials Arsenicals, 14 Arylesterase, 54, 346 Atherosclerosis, 344 Atrazine, 246 in water, 228, 229, 230, 232 Autocrine mechanisms, 28 Average daily intakes, 6, 11, 271-272, 315, 317 Azidothymidine (AZT) , 59-60 Azinphos, 273 B Bananas, aldicarb residues, 289-296 Behavioral function, 24, 32, 62 low-level exposure and effects, 6364, 65 Benchmark dose, 338, 362 Benomyl, 244, 246, 269, 277

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From page 375...

... See also Extracellular fluid volume Body size and proportions, 28 and scaling, 97-99, 337 Bone, 35, 76 Brain blood-brain barrier, 89-90 cancer, 76 development, 25, 26, 28, 32, 34, 60 water composition, 36 see also Neurotoxicity Breast cancer, 30-31 Breastfeeding, 182, 188-192, 340-341, 358-359 and lanolin, 313 residue levels in milk, 239-244, 261 Bronchitis, and chlordane, 311 Butyl mercapatan, 309 C Caffeine, 91, 92 California residue monitoring program, 219220 Telone ban, 308 Captan, 246, 274 immunotoxicity, 67 in infant foods, 248, 254 potency factors, 335 Carbamates, 15, 16, 246 choline ste ra se 298, 309-310 in home-use products, 309-310, 313 neurotoxicity, 63-64, 341 see also Aldicarb Carbaryl, 257 Carcinogenesis and neoplasms, 70, 76, 333, 349-351 age-related differences, 75, 351 animal studies, 34, 41-42, 70-75, 128, 129, 137, 145-146, 334-338, 344-345 benomyl, 277 and cell proliferation, 29, 30-32, 71, 75, 352-353 and functional development, 34, 41-42 lifetime risk, 351-357 and metabolism, 71, 75 and parental exposure, 307-308 risk assessment, 11-12, 323-324, 325, 328-338, 344-345, 349-357, 362 Telone, 308 Cell proliferation, 29, 34 and carcinogenesis, 29, 30-32, 71, 75, 352-353 Cell size, 29, 36, 352 Central nervous system, see Brain; Neurotoxicity Cereals, 259-260 Certification of field inspectors, 211 of labs, 222 Cervical cancer, 31 Chloramphenicol, 3, 50, 55 Chlordane home use, 310-311 in human milk, 242 Chlordimeform, 335 Chlorinated hydrocarbon insecticides, 14-15 in ambient air, 309 in human milk, 239-241 Chlorpyrifos and arylesterase, 346 home use of, 310, 311 inhibition, 52-53,

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From page 376...

... , 40 Cyclodienes, in human milk, 242-243 Cyclophosphamide, 59 Cytochrome P-450, 345, 347-348 D Daily intakes, 6, 11, 271-272, 315, 317 acceptable, 132, 315, 324-326 and surveys, 161-162, 166-168, 271-272 Data bases of residue tests, 10, 217, 222, 223, 261 statistical convolution of, 5-6, 268, 275-277 Data collection and reporting, 4, 5, 7, 11, 107, 224-227, 260-261, 268, 314. See also Data bases; Field trials; Food consumption surveys; Laboratory analyses; Risk assessment; Samples and sampling methods; Testing methods and protocols; Uncertainty factors Daunomycin, 58 DDT, 14-15 in human milk, 240-241 Deet, 312, 346 DEF, 309 Definitions of adverse effect, 327 of developmental toxicology, 49 of pesticides, 14 Degradation products, 10, 206-207 Dental enamel dysplasia, 3 Dermal exposure, 77-79, 307 age-related differences, 77-78 and drug interactions, 349 playground equipment, 312 topical treatment, 312-313 Detection limits, see Limit of detection Development, see Age-related differences; Behavioral function;

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From page 377...

... (Telone) , 227, 308 Dichlorvos, 310 Dicrotophos, 244 Dieldrin, 14, 52 in human milk, 241 immuno to xi city, 6 7 Dietary composition, 10 age-related differences, 4, 38, 103, 181-187, 193-194, 196 infantile, 192-193, 246-247 intra-age group variation, 195 see also Food consumption surveys Dietary exposure, 19, 267-270, 275277, 314-315, 317-319 aldicarb, 288-296 benomyl, 278-287 of infants, 248-260 passim organophosphates, 302-307 peak levels, 6, 272, 317 see also Breastfeeding; Daily intakes; Dietary composition; Food consumption surveys; Gastrointestinal absorption; Infant formula; Water consumption Dietary Residue Evaluation System (DRES)

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From page 378...

... , 1, 13, 14, 17, 127, 208 Females body composition, 35 water consumption, 173, 177 Fetal alcohol syndrome, 61 Fetal development and effects, 20, 23, 61, 360, 361 pharmacokinetic models, 12, 339 341 Field trials, 10, 208, 269, 315-316, 317 benomyl, 280-281 and tolerances, 2, 8, 18 Fish and Wildlife Service (FWS) , 216-217 Fish-eye disease, 346 Flea control products, 309, 311 Florida, residue monitoring program, 220 Flour, in infant foods, 259-260 Foggers, 309, 311 Food, see Daily intakes; Dietar,v composition; Dietar,v exposure; Food consumption surveys; Infant formula; Milk; Processed foods; Raw agricultural commodities; Water consumption Food additives, 65 Food and Drug Administration (FDA)

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From page 379...

... , 59-60 Human Nutrition Information Service (HNIS) , 160 Hyperactivity, 65 Hyperplasia, see Cell proliferation Hypersensitivity, 68, 70 Hypertrophy, 29, 36, 352 Hypothalamus, 28 I Illegal pesticide use, 7 Immunoassays, 212 Immunotoxicity, 66, 108, 110 aldicarb, 66-67, 69 hypersensitivity, 68, 70 TCCD, 68, 69 testing, 9, 66-68, 155 Indicine N-oxide, 59 Individual daily intakes, 6, 11, 315, 317 Indoor pesticide use, 309-311 Inert ingredients, 342-343 Infant formula, 173, 180-181, 192 residue levels, 232-239, 261 soy-based, 236-239 Infant Nutrition Survey, 170 Infants, 3, 26, 28, 29, 37, 106, 108 body composition, 24, 27, 35-36 chemical distribution factors, 87-88

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From page 380...

... , 207, 213214 Limit of quantification (LOW, 213 214, 225, 273-274, 316, 318 Lindane in human milk, 241 immunotoxicity, 67 neurotoxicity, 312-313 in topical applications, 312-313 Linear extrapolation, 328-330, 331 332 Lipid solubility and human milk, 239, 358-359 and pulmonary absorption, 80 and tissue distribution, 88, 89 Liquid chromatography, 212, 218

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From page 381...

... , 326 Maximum tolerated dose (MTD) , 5759, 107, 130, 145, 330, 334-335, 338 Mechanism of action, 3-4, 11-12, 19, 105-107 and multiple residue exposure, 7, 11, 316, 318-319 Mercury poisoning, 347 Metabolism, 19, 41, 51-52, 76-77, 151, 153 age-related differences, 38-39, 5557, 105 and carcinogenesis, 71, 75 and cholinesterase inhibition, 53 development, 28, 35, 36-38 of drugs, 36, 55-57, 59, 91 genetic polymorphism, 345-346 infantile, 38, 55, 90-94 and scaling, 98, 99, 101-102, 337 Metabolites, testing of, 10, 128, 150151 Methodology, see Animal models and studies; End points; Food consumption surveys; Limit of detection; Limit of quantification; Models; Multiresidue methods; Probability distribution; Reference doses; Risk assessment; Samples and sampling methods; Scaling; Statistical convolution; Testing methods and protocols; Uncertainty factors Methylmercury, 84 Methylphenidate, pesticide interactions, 348.

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From page 382...

... , 209, 212-213, 318 FDA, 217-218, 253 quality assurance, 223-224 Multistage models, cancer risk, 328330, 332-334, 345 Multistage samples, food consumption surveys, 165 Muscle, 28, 36 Mutagenicity, 37-38, 70, 330, 331, 333-334 testing, 128, 150 see also Carcinogenesis and neoplasms MVK model, 333-334 Myelination, 28, 34-35 N National Alachlor Well Water Survey, 228-229 National Cancer Institute (NCI) , 172 173 National Center for Health Statistics, 160 National Food Processors Association (NFPA)

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From page 383...

... , 9, 103, 132, 325 chlorpyrifos, 310 o Occupational exposure, 313 of parents, 307-308, 316 Oral exposure, see Dietary exposure; Gastrointestinal absorption Organochlorines, see Chlorinated hydrocarbon insecticides Organophosphates, 7, 15, 16, 52, 246, 297-298 in ambient air, 309 choline stera se inhib iti on, 5 2-5 3, 297, 298-302, 309-310, 347 drug interactions, 347 and genetic polymorphism, 346 in home-use products, 309-310, 313 neurotoxicity, 63-64, 341 Organs functional development, 34, 39-41 physical growth, 32-35 water composition, 36 see also specific organs and effects Ornithine carbamoyltransferase (OCT) deficiency, 346 Outdoor air, exposure from, 308-309 Ovaries, 32 Oxidant stress, 38 Oxychlordane, in human milk, 242 p Paracrine mechanisms, 28 Paraoxon, 345, 346 Parathion cholinesterase inhibition, 52-53 metabolic polymorphism, 346 in processed foods, 257 Parental occupational exposure, 307308, 316 Peanuts, 15 Pediculocides, 312-313 Pentachlorophenol (PCP)

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From page 384...

... , 8, 9, 18, 132, 315, 357-358, 361 calculation of, 326-327, 338 Regional differences, see Geographic variations Registration of pesticides, 10, 15, 16, 17-18, 208 testing requirements, 127-128, 208 see also Field trials Regression analysis, 102-105 Regulation, 1-2, 5, 7, 12, 13, 14, 17-18 of drugs, 54-55 of inert ingredients, 342-343 see also Registration of pesticides; Tolerances Renal system, see Kidneys Repellants, 312-313 Reproductive toxicity diethylstilbestrol, 37 testing, 9, 128, 147-149, 155 Residues, see Dietary exposure; Monitoring and surveillance programs; Samples and sampling methods; Testing methods and protocols; Tolerances Resistance, to chlorinated pesticides, 15 Respiratory exposure, see Pulmonary exposure Retinoblastoma, 75-76 Retrospective survey methods, 161164 Risk assessment, 6-7, 12, 20, 323-328, 359-363

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From page 385...

... , 209 State monitoring programs, 219-221 Statistical convolution, of distributions, 5-6, 268, 275-277, 314-315, 362-363 Steroids, and metabolism, 94 Stochastic processes, 323-324 Stratified samples, food consumption surveys, 165 Subchronic studies, 130, 137, 144-145 Suburbs, and airborne exposure, 309 Sulfur compounds, 14 Surface contamination, 311-312 Surface water, residue levels, 230 232 Surveillance, see Monitoring and surveillance programs Surveys, see Food consumption surveys Synergistic interactions, 341-342 with drugs, 347-349 Synthetic organic compounds, 14-15 Synthetic pyrethroid compounds, 15, 16 T Tangier's disease, 346 TDso studies, 334-335 Telone (1,3-D) , 227, 308 Teratogenicity, 49, 103.

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From page 386...

... food consumption surveys, 160, 164 monitoring programs, 216, 219 pesticide use and testing data, 204, 209-210 Uterus, 32 cancer, 30-31 V Vaginal cancer, 30-31 Validation of food consumption survey data, 168-169 of residue analyses, 215 Vegetables, 15, 194, 195 residue levels, 249-252 Vincristine, 59 Vinyl chloride, 31 Visual system studies, 152, 156 W Water, body, 24, 27, 35-36. See also Extracellular fluid volume Water consumption, 4, 35, 173, 176182 passim, 196 calculation, 172-173 and residue levels, 227-232, 261, 307, 359 sources, 173, 17~175, 194 Watermelons, aldicarb poisoning outbreak, 53, 268 Weight, 97, 325, 337 Weighting factors, food consumption surveys, 167 Well water residue levels, 228-230 Wheat, 15 Wood preservatives, 311, 312

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INDEX Pages 373-386

INDEX
Pages 373-386