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Guidelines for Developing Spacecraft Maximum Allowable Concentrations for Space Station Contaminants (1992) / Chapter Skim
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'EXECUTIVE SUMMARY'
Pages 1-8

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From page 1...
... Exposure to 1- or 24-hr SMACs will not cause serious or permanent effects but may cause reversible effects that do not impair judgment or interfere with proper responses to emergencies such as fires or accidental releases. Long-term SMACs are intended to avoid adverse health effects (either immediate or delayed)
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From page 2...
... Deposition of particles is clearly different and lung function and the toxic potential of inhaled particles may be different under microgravity conditions than under full gravity conditions, as on earth. Astronauts will be physically, physiologically, and psychologically compromised for the following reasons: loss of muscle and bone mass, altered immune system, cardiovascular changes, decreased red-bloodcell mass, altered nutritional requirements, behavioral changes from stress, fluid shift in the body, altered hormonal status, and altered drug metabolism.
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From page 3...
... SOURCES AND TYPES OF DATA FOR ESTABLISHMENT OF SMACs The subcommittee recommends the use of data derived from a number of sources in establishing SMAC values. These sources provide information on a variety of health effects, including mortality, morbidity, clinical signs and symptoms, pulmonary effects, neurobehavioral effects, immunotoxicity, reproductive and developmental toxicity, pathology, mutagenicity, carcinogenicity, and biochemical and enzyme changes.
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From page 4...
... Epidemiological studies have contributed to our knowledge of the health effects of many airborne chemical hazards. The limitations of epidemiology stem from its use of available data.
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From page 5...
... Biological markers within an exposed individual can indicate the degree of exposure to a pollutant and may provide evidence of the initial structural, functional, or biochemical changes induced by the exposure and, ultimately, the biochemical or physiological changes associated with adverse health effects. Biological markers can be divided into three classes: 1.
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From page 6...
... RISK ASSESSMENT (DEVELOPMENT OF EXPOSURE CRITERIA) The assessment of toxicants that do not induce carcinogenic or mutagenic effects traditionally has been based on the concept that an adverse health effect will not occur below a certain level of exposure, even if exposure continues over a lifetime.
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From page 7...
... considering limits set by the Occupational Safety and Health Administration, the American Conference of Governmental Industrial Hygienists, and the National Research Council in developing SMACs; (4) evaluating the toxicities of mixtures; and (5)
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Key Terms

  • biological markers
  • epidemiological studies
  • toxicity studies
  • animal toxicity
  • toxicity data

  • toxic effects
  • physiological changes
  • exposure levels
  • changes induced
  • chemical hazards

  • clinical signs
  • resulting health
  • health effect
  • health administration
  • continuous exposure

  • space environment
  • vitro toxicity
  • usually provide
  • environmental studies
  • contaminant exposure

  • altered hormonal
  • substance provide
  • sources provide
  • behavioral changes
  • altered drug

  • avoid adverse
  • altered nutritional
  • historical exposure
  • spacecraft contaminant
  • developing smacs


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