Sea Change 2015-2025 Decadal Survey of Ocean Sciences (2015) / Chapter Skim
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1 21st-Century Achievements in Ocean Science
1 21st-Century Achievements in Ocean Science
Pages 13-26
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From page 13... ...
distribution of information across many sectors of society, creating tremendous new opportunities in the sciences. In the THE OCEAN COMPONENT OF CLIMATE VARIABILITY ocean sciences, advances in observational and computational AND CHANGE capabilities have led to rapid increases in understanding -- from the minutest organisms to the vast expanse of the Sea level rise varies greatly across geographic reocean basins.
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From page 14... ...
2 This new information reveals event sequences and helps to 0 diagnose causes and effects of the dynamically changing 1975 1980 1985 1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015 2020 Year Earth system and resolves an apparent paradox in climate patterns and elevated atmospheric CO2 in the Northern and FIGURE 1-2 Yearly minimums of Arctic ice volume from 1980 Southern Hemispheres. to 2014 calculated using the Pan-Arctic Ice Ocean Modeling and Based on more accurate chronologies, the global-scale Assimilation System (Zhang and Rothrock, 2003)
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From page 15... ...
zones" because most fish and other marine life cannot survive More comprehensive data from the Argo array there. Excess algal growth also reduces the clarity of water augments 50 years of historical data to measure with in shallow coastal areas, blocking sunlight that is necessary high certainty the multi-decadal warming of the global for maintaining sea grasses and coral reefs, which provide esoceans and changes in ocean salinity patterns.
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From page 16... ...
In the 1990s, the World Ocean Circulation Experiment and the Tropical Ocean Global Atmosphere program accelerated scientific and operational interest in the ocean's role in climate and in predicting climate variability. By 1999, satellite altimetry had revolutionized oceanography by showing that sea surface height was dominated by variability patterns like El Niño and by slower global trends.
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From page 17... ...
Argo through 2014 and (bottom) all years from the World Ocean Database of ship-based profiling.
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From page 18... ...
associated with shoaling of deeper water rather than runoff hypoxic zone in the North Pacific is the most extensive and of nutrients from land-based sources. The North Pacific has the shallowest of the major oceans, relatively small oxygen experienced oxygen declines for the past 50 years, possibly decreases in deep water will impact the essential habitat of due to changes in ventilation from increased freshening many species in the food web.
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From page 19... ...
throughout the ecosystem due to the removal of top preda tors. Regionally based ecosystem monitoring, such as the international program Global Ocean Ecosystem Dynamics (GLOBEC)
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(a) The Scotian Shelf ecosystem exhibited a sharp decline in mean trophic level from ecosystems to human activities has led to new national and 1990 to 2001 owing to the collapse of the cod fishery followed by international management policies and some successes with a decline in the herring fishery and then the growth of the northern ecosystem recovery.
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From page 21... ...
Hydrothermal processes in by a thin, very weak layer of clay. Understanding the controls the ridge system influence ocean chemistry, contribute to on the nature of the slip along subduction zones could lead to mineral deposits, and provide habitats that support novel better earthquake and tsunami forecasting and reduce the lag biological communities.
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From page 22... ...
Argo data accurately determine upper ocean particularly near coasts. Small, low-power sensors are now heat content and have shown that subsurface ocean warming regularly monitoring physical, chemical, and biological inhas been relentless, even as surface temperature increases dicators of dynamical variability and ecosystem variations slowed over the past 15 years.
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The World Ocean Circulation Experiment Hydrographic Survey was the first attempt to measure and map the global ocean's physical properties, using a common measurement COLLABORATIONS ADVANCE OCEANOGRAPHY protocol. Many nations contributed their research vessels ACHIEVEMENTS to the multiple legs that comprised the survey.
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From page 24... ...
For example, the indicates that during the first decade of the millennium there New Millennium report did not highlight sea level rise or was a productive balance of investment in core research, ocean acidification as major research topics. The subsequent major research infrastructure assets, technology developshift to research on these themes argues for providing flex- ment, and multidisciplinary and internationally coordinated ibility to the research program to allow for changes in direc- research programs.
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From page 25... ...
Nature Communications 4: 2539. marine food webs.
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From page 26... ...
2003. Modeling global sea ice with Oki megathrust determined from laboratory experiments.
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