Airport Passenger Screening Using Backscatter X-Ray Machines Compliance with Standards (2015) / Chapter Skim
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5 Radiation Protection Standards
5 Radiation Protection Standards
Pages 48-55
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From page 48... ...
standard N43.17.1,2,3 The ANSI/HPS N43.17 standard is a consensus standard that provides guidelines for both manufacturers and users of the systems and covers dose to subject, interlocks, operational procedures, and information to be provided to the travelers by the operators. Prior to this standard, there was little guidance for this type of intentional, nonmedical radiation 1 Department of Homeland Security, Office of Health Affairs, "Fact Sheet: Advanced Imaging Technology (AIT)
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From page 49... ...
Manufacturers of electronic products that emit radiation also need to comply with the Federal Food, Drug and Cosmetic Act, Chapter V, Subchapter C; and manufacturers of personnel security screening X-ray AIT systems must comply with applicable requirements of Title 21 of the Code of Federal Regulations 1000 1005.6 In addition, system operators need to comply with Occupational Safety and Health Administration ionizing radiation safety limits as promulgated in Title 29 of the Code of Federal Regulations, Part 1910.1096.7 This regulation specifies ra diation dose limits for the whole body, lens of the eye (same as whole body) , and skin for occupationally exposed individuals.
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From page 50... ...
ANSI/HPS N43.17-2009 provides detailed guidance not only for acceptable radiation dose levels for individuals and radiation workers but also for radiation producing systems, manufacturing, installation, safety performance, and regular maintenance. Radiation-producing instruments are required to include fail-safe mechanisms that would halt the operation in case of major failures in mechanical 11 These sources include activities such as nuclear power generation, decommissioning of radioac tive waste, industrial and research activities, and security inspection systems.
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From page 51... ...
More than 27,000 atomic bomb survivors had exposures in the 5,000,000 to 100,000,000 nSv range, and statistically significant excess cancer incidence has been detected.20 In the Ox ford Survey of Childhood Cancers, a study of 15,000 case control pairs, an increase in childhood cancer was found after in utero X-ray exposure to a mean dose of about 6,000,000 nSv.21 Very large studies such as these are needed to detect effects 16 ANSI/HPS N43.17-2009, Section 8.1.6. 17 Low dose in this report refers to a dose lower than that used in radiation therapy.
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From page 52... ...
SYSTEM DESIGN, INTERLOCKS, AND OPERATING PROCEDURES In addition to providing guidance on radiation dose limits as discussed earlier in this section, ANSI/HPS N43.17-2009 also provides guidance as to the accept able protection systems (interlocks to protect against accidental excess radiation) and operational procedures.
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From page 53... ...
m. In the event of a malfunction, the system shall terminate radiation exposure rapidly enough so that no location on the subject's body shall receive an ambient dose equivalent (H*
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From page 54... ...
SOURCE: The ANSI/HPS N43.17-2009 standard, "Radiation Safety for Personnel Security Screening Systems Using X-Ray or Gamma Radiation," is available at the Health Physics Society website at http://hps.org/hpssc/index.html. Operational Procedures In addition to the technical requirements related to radiation levels and the engineering of an airport screening AIT system, ANSI/HPS N43.17-2009 lays out the following requirements on the operation of the AIT system as well as the op erators using the AIT system: • The compliance with required operational procedures must be ensured by a designated responsible individual.
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From page 55... ...
Finally, radiation surveys shall also be performed after maintenance and after any incident that might damage the system to prevent unintended radiation emission. • The facility operating the system must provide the person to be screened with information that the system emits radiation, basic information about the dose expected in the screening, and information so that the dose can be compared to other radiation sources (for example, background radiation or a chest X ray)
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