Overcoming Barriers to Deployment of Plug-in Electric Vehicles (2015) / Chapter Skim
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2 Plug-in Electric Vehicles and Charging Technologies
2 Plug-in Electric Vehicles and Charging Technologies
Pages 19-36
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From page 19... ...
When powered by electricity from summary of current and projected battery costs is provided the grid, which uses little petroleum to produce electricity, because it is primarily higher battery costs that make PEVs such vehicles require essentially no petroleum, and they emit cost more than ICE vehicles. The chapter concludes with a no carbon dioxide (CO2)
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From page 20... ...
Long-Range Battery Electric Vehicle. Can travel hundreds of miles on a single battery charge and then be refueled in a time that is much shorter than the additional driving time that the refueling allows, much like an ICE vehicle or HEV.
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From page 21... ...
. Thus, the Tesla Model S is considered a long-range BEV be- However, drivers of ICE vehicles are accustomed to being cause it can drive for hundreds of miles on a charge and then able to travel well beyond the average daily distance when the be refueled in a time that is much shorter than the additional need arises and can add hours of additional traveling time by driving time that the refueling allows.
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From page 22... ...
willing and able a driver is to recharge the battery during a trip longer than the AER. On the basis of data collected by DOE Energy Density and Battery Chemistry through its EV Project, early adopters of the Chevrolet Volt appear to be very motivated to minimize their use of the ICE The battery in a PEV is the counterpart to the fuel tank for engine by charging more frequently and logging more electric an ICE vehicle.
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From page 23... ...
A vehicle designed Projected Energy Density Increases and from its beginning to have electric propulsion has more op- Possible New Battery Chemistries tions. The Model S, for example, was designed with a battery compartment under the vehicle's entire floor board so that Lithium-ion batteries with increased energy density are the heavy batteries are used to keep the vehicle's center of naturally the subject of research and development efforts.
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From page 24... ...
Power (kW) Tesla Model S NCA = LiNi0.8Co0.15Al0.05O2 Carbon Panasonic Cylindrical ~8,000 85 270 Chevrolet Volt LMO = LiMn2O4 Carbon LG Chem Prismatic 288 16.5 111 Nissan Leaf LMO = LiMn2O4 Carbon Nissan/NEC Prismatic 192 24 90 Honda Fit NMC = LiNi1/3Mn1/3Co1/3O2 Li4Ti5O12 Toshiba Prismatic 432 20 92 NOTE: Al, aluminum; Co, cobalt; kWh, kilowatt-hour; Li, lithium; LMO, lithium manganese oxide; Mn, manganese; NCA, nickel cobalt aluminum oxide; NMC, nickel manganese cobalt oxide; Ni, nickel; O, oxygen; Ti, titanium.
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From page 25... ...
adopters are essentially testing both the various battery chemistries and the battery temperature regulation choices under RELATIVE COSTS OF PLUG-IN real-world conditions that are hard to duplicate in laboratories. ELECTRIC AND ICE VEHICLES Tesla connects many thousands of small cylindrical cells, each having the same physical shape and size as those that are Studies of current and projected costs of high-energy batcommonly used in computer batteries, thereby profiting from teries and nonbattery components (EPA/NHTSA 2012)
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From page 26... ...
tery is made available for use; GM uses about 70 percent of the nominal capacity, and Nissan uses about 90 percent (see Lithium-Ion Battery Costs Table 2-1) .4 To allow comparisons, the committee converted study results to be the projected costs per kilowatt-hour of the A high-energy battery costs much more than a sheet-met- total battery capacity rather than the available battery capacal gasoline tank.
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From page 27... ...
current costs are difficult to obtain and that the future projec Nonbattery Costs tions are even more difficult, requiring, for example, an estimate of how many PEVs will be purchased. For the purposes An ICE vehicle includes an ICE, a radiator, a transmisof this report, the committee decided to use the $500/kWh sion, and an oil system.
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From page 28... ...
28 Overcoming Barriers to Deployment of Plug-in Electric Vehicles TABLE 2-4 Summary of Estimated Costs of Total Energy from Various Sources (2013 U.S.$/kWh) Year Source Currenta 2017 2020 2022 2025 Argonne 2000 250-706 -- -- -- -- 2012 -- -- 50 kW = 336 -- -- 100 kW = 404 TIAX 2013 310 -- -- -- -- DOE 2013 300 -- -- 125 -- EPA/NHTSA 2012 -- 540 346 -- 277 McKinsey 2011 350-420 -- 140 -- 112 Anderman 2012 340-450 -- -- -- -- 2014 400-500 -- 220-275 -- -- a Current as defined in the respective studies.
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From page 29... ...
electric vehicle connectors, attachment plugs, and all other fit tings, devices, power outlets or apparatus installed specifically VEHICLE CHARGING AND CHARGING OPTIONS for the purpose of delivering energy from the premise's wiring to the electric vehicle" (Section 625.2)
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From page 30... ...
Much like place. For example, with an AC level 1 charger, the nomithe largest window air conditioners that can be plugged into a nal time for fully charging the usable 21 kWh capacity of a FIGURE 2-5 For AC level 1, a vehicle is plugged into a single-phase 120 V electric socket through a portable safety device called an electric vehicle supply equipment (EVSE)
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From page 31... ...
Since the EVSE rather than within the car. Such charging is only 2009, the AC level 2 standard allows up to 80 A of current to useful for limited-range and long-range BEVs, such as the be delivered for an energy transfer rate of 19 kW, although Nissan Leaf and the Tesla Model S, and only BEVs are typithe wiring in many houses will have trouble delivering that cally able to accept fast charging.
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From page 32... ...
DC fast charging is able to charge a Nissan Leaf battery to 80 percent capacity in 30 min. The charge would typically allow a 2014 Nissan Leaf to travel about 67 miles.
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From page 33... ...
ensure that all PEV than using a charging cable, but there would be no cable to drivers can charge their vehicles and pay at all public charg- handle or keep clean. For publicly available charging, staning stations using a universally accepted payment method dards would be needed to make it possible to charge most just as any ICE vehicle can be fueled at any gasoline sta- PEVs with most wireless charging systems.
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From page 34... ...
2010. "Advanced Battery Chemistries for PHEV 2014 Tesla Model S (85 kW-hr battery pack)
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From page 35... ...
1998. "Electric Vehicle Charging from January 1999 to September 2012." Presentation Equipment Design and Health and Safety Codes." Cali to the Committee on Overcoming Barriers to Electric- fornia Energy Commission.
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From page 36... ...
2014a. "Increasing Energy Density Means Increasing OEM Perspective." Presentation to the Committee on Range." http://www.teslamotors.com/roadster/technolgy/ Overcoming Barriers to Electric-Vehicle Deployment, battery.
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