Overcoming Barriers to Deployment of Plug-in Electric Vehicles (2015) / Chapter Skim
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4 Government Support for Deployment of Plug-in Electric Vehicles
4 Government Support for Deployment of Plug-in Electric Vehicles
Pages 65-81
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From page 65... ...
The second critical eral government is DOE, followed by DOD. From 2009 to area concerns PEV deployment, especially the role of infra- 2012, across all areas of the federal government, investment structure in spurring vehicle sales and increasing electric in energy-storage research, development, and technology devehicle miles traveled (eVMT)
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From page 66... ...
INSTITUTIONAL SUPPORT FOR PROMOTING Research on Deployment of Plug-in Electric Vehicles PLUG-IN ELECTRIC VEHICLE READINESS In contrast to the substantial investment in battery re- The concept of PEV readiness refers to an entire ecosyssearch and development, research on PEV deployment is tem of automotive technology, including its supporting inframuch less advanced. A critical research need is understanding structure, regulations, financial incentives, consumer informathe relationship between PEV deployment and infrastructure tion, and public policies, programs, and plans that can make deployment.
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From page 67... ...
The advent of PEVs poses a dilemma for public officials responsible for transportation-tax policy be- Motor fuel taxes have been the most important single cause battery electric vehicles (BEVs) use no gasoline and source of revenue for funding highways for nearly a century plug-in hybrid electric vehicles (PHEVs)
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From page 68... ...
. At the time of Fuel consumption depends on both the number of miles their introduction, fuel taxes were viewed as the most eco- driven and the fuel economy of the vehicle fleet.
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From page 69... ...
iad of taxes and fees that are dedicated to transportation, • To remedy the issues inherent in the first two questions, including roadway funding.4 Specifically, most local trans- should PEVs be a focus for new methods of taxation, portation funding comes from property taxes, general fund considering that the unrealized revenue from high-mpg appropriations, and fares for mass transit; at the state level, vehicles will dwarf that of PEVs? motor fuel taxes are significant, but motor vehicle taxes, • Are there other intervening policy considerations that fees, and other revenue, such as sales taxes, play important might trump the general transportation tax paradigm of roles.
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From page 70... ...
Finding: For the next few years, the fiscal impact of not col lecting a fuel tax from PEVs is negligible. Impacts on Transportation Budgets Fairness and Equity in Transportation Taxes As noted, the first policy question is whether, from a fiscal viewpoint, the lack of fuel taxes paid by PEVs is having The second policy question is whether PEV drivers who a negative effect on federal or state transportation budgets, pay little or no fuel taxes raise issues of fairness, given the either now or within the next 10 years.
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From page 71... ...
take effect. The which will require financing, perhaps through an increase in fuel economy of the entire light-duty passenger vehicle fleet is the fuel tax -- is to gain public support.
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From page 72... ...
d This estimate is the baseline annual gasoline tax paid per vehicle, not annual unrealized revenue. NOTE: BEV, battery electric vehicle; MPG, miles per gallon; MPGe, miles per gallon gasoline equivalent; PHEV, plug-in hybrid electric vehicle; VMT, vehicle miles traveled.
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From page 73... ...
The Taxation of Plug-in Electric Vehicles tax credit is also limited in the amount available per taxpayer ($7,500) and limited in duration (credit is phased out after The last policy issue examined is whether other inter- the manufacturer reaches vehicle sales of 200,000)
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From page 74... ...
high permit and installation costs and experience delay in the activation of their home chargers. STREAMLINING CODES, Some forward-looking jurisdictions are making adjust PERMITS, AND REGULATIONS ments in their electrical codes and permit processes to expe dite installation and activation of a home-based charger.7 Fur Although there are some applicable federal and state thermore, many jurisdictions are proactively amending their permitting processes that affect PEV infrastructure deploy- building codes to require that new construction be "forward ment -- such as federal environmental laws (for example, the compatible" with devices for charging at home (DOE 2014c)
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From page 75... ...
that even though the DC fast-charging stations installed in Oregon were provided under a master contract by a single ANCILLARY INSTITUTIONAL ISSUES vendor, the environmental permit process for each station RELATED TO SUPPORT FOR differed based on the source of funding used to pay the con- PLUG-IN ELECTRIC VEHICLES tractor for otherwise identical stations (A. Horvat, Oregon Department of Transportation, personal communication, Battery Recycling and Disposal June 2014)
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From page 76... ...
PEV batteries are necessary for efficient and safe recycling. Recycling Technology Secondary Uses Technologies available today for lithium-ion battery re- PEV battery performance (energy storage capacity)
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From page 77... ...
battery recycling firm management systems that have been sold to Toyota ve- Ecobat Technologies are reported to be developing processes hicle dealerships (Toyota Turbine 2013; Nikkei Asian for recovery of intact cathode materials from PEV batteries Review 2014)
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From page 78... ...
. At the federal level, NHTSA develops and distributes Finding: Battery disposal is not a near-term obstacle to PEV EMS training standards and curricula, organizes cooperadeployment; PEV batteries can be safely disposed of in the tive activities, maintains databases, and evaluates state EMS general waste stream, and regulating battery disposal at this systems (NHTSA 2014a)
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From page 79... ...
2011. High itors for Hybrid, Plug-in Hybrid, and Electric Vehicles." way Trust Fund: All States Received More Funding http://www1.eere.energy.gov/ba/pba/pdfs/vehicle_ Than They Contributed in Highway Taxes from 2005 to energy_storage_r_and_d_linkages.pdf.
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From page 80... ...
http://www.ncsl.org/documents/transportation/ the Project." Electric Vehicle Safety Training. http://www.
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From page 81... ...
2014. "Supply: Hybrid Electric Vehicles/Electric 2014.
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