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6 Clinical Characteristics of Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder
Pages 135-148

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From page 135...
... Diagnoses are made by a range of health professionals, including primary care physicians, psychologists, and child psychiatrists. A number of organizations have developed diagnostic and treatment guidelines, including the American Academy of Pediatrics (AAP, 2011)
From page 136...
... . In addition to performing a clinical interview, health care providers should assess the number and severity of ADHD symptoms within the home and school settings, using parent and teacher behavior checklists.
From page 137...
... Sixty to 80 percent of children diagnosed with ADHD will continue to experience symptoms in adolescence, and up to 40 to 60 percent of adolescents exhibit ADHD symptoms into adulthood (APA, 2013)
From page 138...
... Research studies based on clinical populations have shown that 15 to 25 percent of children with ADHD also experience learning disabilities; 30 to 35 percent of children with ADHD also have language disorders; 5 to 20 percent of children with ADHD are also diagnosed with mood disorders; and 20 to 33 percent of these children have coexisting anxiety disorders. Children diagnosed with ADHD may also have co-occurring sleep disorders, memory impairment, and decreased motor skill function (APA, 2013; MTA Cooperative Group, 1999)
From page 139...
... FUNCTIONAL IMPAIRMENT The relationship between ADHD symptoms and functional impairments takes a wide variety of forms. Symptoms may be present without any functional impairments, particularly among those with ADHD and no cooccurring disorders (about 30 percent of children; Jensen et al., 2001a,b)
From page 140...
... The emerging area of executive functioning (Barkley, 2012) shows promise for elucidating core neuropsychological variables which may be particularly affected by or in ADHD, leading to varied and striking functional impairments.
From page 141...
... Parents and teachers should be guided in establishing a clear communication of expectations and strategies for effective teaching, as well as contingency management, in order to help the child succeed. Federally funded studies performed on large-scale multisite randomized controlled trials lasting up to 24 months have found that, while both behavioral treatments and stimulants improve outcomes, when they are used alone, stimulants are more effective than behavioral treatments, with behavioral interventions alone being only modestly successful at improving
From page 142...
... One recent meta-analysis of large-scale randomized trials found psychotherapeutic interventions to have little to no benefit on core ADHD symptoms (Sonuga-Barke et al., 2013) , but it did provide evidence that these interventions were effective in reducing oppositional defiant and conduct disorder symptoms.
From page 143...
... . Evidence suggests that the majority of children who receive careful medication management accompanied by frequent treatment follow-ups, all within the context of an educative, supportive relationship with the primary care provider and appropriate behavioral interventions and supports, are likely to experience behavioral gains for up to 24 months (APA, 2013)
From page 144...
... Children with ADHD and co-occurring conditions have more sig nificant functional impairments. • Evidence-based treatments benefit many children with ADHD.
From page 145...
... 2013. The relationship between ADHD symptom dimensions, clinical correlates, and functional impairments.
From page 146...
... 2014. Functional impairments in attention deficit hyperac tivity disorder: The mediating role of neuropsychological functioning.
From page 147...
... Journal of Abnormal Child Psychology 43(7)


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