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10 Clinical Characteristics of Learning Disabilities
Pages 179-188

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From page 179...
... . Individuals with Disabilities Education Act IDEA defines a specific learning disability as a disorder in one or more of the basic psychological processes involved in understanding or in using language, spoken or written, which disorder may manifest itself in the imperfect ability to listen, think, speak, read, write, spell, or do mathematical calculations.
From page 180...
... . The DSM-IV-TR approach recognizes three explicitly defined diagnostic categories: reading disorders, mathematics disorders, and disorders of written expression.
From page 181...
... The DSM-IV approach, now more than 20 years old, was based on methods that relied on discrepancy scores; that is, a learning difficulty was said to exist in a particular area such as reading when the scores in that particular area were significantly below what would be expected judging by the individual's overall cognitive ability. The International Classification of Diseases, Ninth Revision, definition of these conditions is rather similar but includes an explicit requirement that the school environment is appropriate to the child's ability to learn the skill.
From page 182...
... School districts vary considerably in their approaches to these issues. DEMOGRAPHIC FACTORS AND DURATION OF THE DISORDER Age The National Health Interview Survey (NHIS)
From page 183...
... Variations in the rates of LD by race must be cautiously interpreted. Even after taking into account the effect of socioeconomic status, there is some evidence that test bias and diagnostic bias contributes to disparities observed between racial or ethnic categories in the identification of children with LD (Coutinho et al., 2002; Jencks and Phillips, 1998)
From page 184...
... The recognition of an LD may occur as the child enters school, but the LD may have been preceded by a language delay which does increase the risk of subsequent LDs. LDs are also associated in complex ways with a range of other problems, including attention deficit hyperactivity disorder and disruptive behavior disorders such as conduct disorder.
From page 185...
... The range of services provided in school can vary from a very intensive level of support, e.g., individualized interventions or special educational classes, to less intensive support, such as additional help in the mainstream classroom or with homework and special tutoring. Support is often also provided through special lesson plans, with individuals grouped according to achievement levels, and frequent assessment and more intensive teacher involvement.
From page 186...
... While many individuals with learning difficulties lead active and productive lives as adults, others have learning challenges that lead to early withdrawal from school and lower levels of occupational attainment. FINDINGS • LDs are diagnosed in educational and clinical settings.
From page 187...
... 2001. Math learning disability and math LD subtypes: Evidence from stud ies of Turner syndrome, fragile X syndrome, and neurofibromatosis type 1.
From page 188...
... 2014. Attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder and adverse health outcomes in adults.


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