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11 Clinical Characteristics of Mood Disorders
Pages 189-206

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From page 189...
... major depression, (2) persistent depressive disorder (PDD)
From page 190...
... The most important difference between DSM-IV and DSM-5 in the diagnosis of mood disorders is that "depressive disorders" have been separated from "bipolar and related disorders." In general, the differences between depressive disorders in DSM-IV and DSM-5 are very small and unlikely to have a great effect on estimates of prevalence or incidence. The diagnosis of a childhood-onset depression disorder requires a comprehensive psychiatric diagnostic evaluation, including interviews with the child, primary caregivers, and collateral informants such as teachers (Birmaher et al., 2007)
From page 191...
... . These early depressive symptoms are significant because in clinical samples they are predictive of major depressive disorder in later childhood even after controlling for a maternal history of depression and other risk factors (Luby et al., 2014)
From page 192...
... . Furthermore, findings from the National Longitudinal Study of Adolescent Health indicated that youth from racial or ethnic minority backgrounds were more likely to report depressive symptoms than nonminority youth (Rushton et al., 2002)
From page 193...
... Of those teens with major depression, for example, 20 percent had an anxiety disorder, 13 percent abused alcohol, 18 percent abused drugs, 4 percent had conduct disorder, 3 percent had oppositional defiant disorder, 3 percent had ADHD, 8 percent had core symptoms of bipolar disorder, and 30 percent reported smoking cigarettes daily (Lewinsohn et al., 1998b)
From page 194...
... . Further, among a large epidemiologic sample, The Great Smoky Mountains Study of youth aged 9 to 13 found that 73 percent of a community sample with depression had significant functional impairment (Costello et al., 1996)
From page 195...
... about an increased risk of suicidal thoughts or behavior in children and adolescents treated with SSRI antidepressant medications. In 2007 findings from a comprehensive review of pediatric trials conducted between 1988 and 2006 suggested that the benefits of antidepressant medications likely outweigh their risks to children and adolescents with major depression and anxiety disorders (Bridge et al., 2007)
From page 196...
... . PEDIATRIC BIPOLAR DISORDER Diagnosis and Assessment DSM-5 conceptualizes bipolar and related disorders as a distinct diagnostic group which includes (1)
From page 197...
... Comorbidities Comorbid disorders among teens with bipolar disorder are common and include ADHD, anxiety disorders, oppositional defiant disorder, and substance use disorders (Bernardi et al., 2010; Birmaher et al., 2009; Jolin et al., 2008; Masi et al., 2006; Pini et al., 2006; Sala et al., 2014; Stephens et al., 2014)
From page 198...
... Among a cohort of 263 children and adolescents with bipolar spectrum disorders, approximately 70 percent recovered from their index episode, but 50 percent had at least one syndromal recurrence, particularly TABLE 11-2  Commonly Prescribed Medications for Bipolar Disorder in Adolescents   Generic Brand Name Mood stabilizers Lithium Eskalith, Lithobid Valproate Depakote, Depakene Carbamazepine Tegretol Oxcarbazepine Trileptal Lamotrigine Lamictal Atypical antipsychotics Risperidone Risperdal Aripiprazole Abilify Olanzapine Zyprexa
From page 199...
... • While symptoms may wax and wane, mood disorders cause sig nificant functional impairment that often persist or recur through childhood and into adulthood. • Mood disorders frequently co-occur with other mental disorders.
From page 200...
... 2007. Practice pa rameter for the assessment and treatment of children and adolescents with depressive disorders. Journal of the American Academy of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry 46(11)
From page 201...
... 2010. Independent predictors for life time and recent substance use disorders in patients with rapid-cycling bipolar disorder: Focus on anxiety disorders. The American Journal on Addictions/American Academy of Psychiatrists in Alcoholism and Addictions 19(5)
From page 202...
... 2003. The epidemiology of major depressive disorder: Results from the National Comorbidity Survey Replication (NCS-R)
From page 203...
... 2013. Emotional face processing in pediatric bipolar disorder: Evidence for functional impairments in the fusiform gyrus. Journal of the American Academy of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry 52(12)
From page 204...
... 2014. Effects of comorbid anxiety disorders on the longitudinal course of pediatric bipolar disorders.
From page 205...
... Chang. 2013. Socio-emotional processing and functioning of youth at high risk for bipolar disorder. Journal of Affect Disorders,148(1)


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