Global Health Impacts of Vector-Borne Diseases Workshop Summary (2016) / Chapter Skim
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A6 - Drivers, Dynamics, and Control of Emerging Vector-Borne Zoonotic Diseases - A. Marm Kilpatrick and Sarah E. Randolph
A6 - Drivers, Dynamics, and Control of Emerging Vector-Borne Zoonotic Diseases - A. Marm Kilpatrick and Sarah E. Randolph
Pages 182-201
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From page 182... ...
Although introductions and emergence of endemic pathogens are often considered to be distinct processes, many endemic pathogens are actually spreading at a local scale coincident with habitat change. We draw attention to key differences between dynamics and disease burden that result from increased pathogen transmission after habitat change and after introduction into new regions.
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From page 183... ...
• ontrol of vector-borne zoonotic diseases needs combined efforts by clinicians C and public health officials to treat patients and promote behaviour likely to mini mise risk of infection, and by disease ecologists, urban planners, and medical entomologists to advise on development, restoration of ecological communi ties, and vector control to reverse the ecological drivers of transmission. Clinicians have an important role alongside disease ecologists and epidemiologists in the study of the causes of an outbreak and minimisation of the burden of disease, because the effectiveness of control is improved by rapid identification (Lloyd-Smith et al., 2003; Ferguson et al., 2006)
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From page 184... ...
. Clinicians and veterinarians collaborated to identify the aetiological agent as West Nile virus, but unfortunately identification and initial control efforts did not prevent the virus spreading from the east to the West Coast of North America within 4 years (CDC, 2012a; Kilpatrick, 2011)
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From page 185... ...
. In Europe and Eurasia, the substantial rise in cases of Lyme disease and other tick-borne diseases, including babesiosis, ehrlichiosis, and rickettsiosis, and tick-borne encephalitis, is due as much or more to upsurges within pre-existing ranges of the vector ticks (principally Ixodes ricinus and Ixodes persulcatus)
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From page 186... ...
. Introduced pathogens can cause notable epidemics followed by a decreased incidence (eg, West Nile virus in the USA [CDC, 2012]
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From page 187... ...
has accelerated introductions because it has allowed many pathogens that cause acute infectiousness (eg, chikungunya and West Nile viruses) to reach other continents within the few days that hosts are infectious, and even during the latent period for some diseases (Kilpatrick et al., 2006a)
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From page 188... ...
have a key role in feeding adult Ixodes ticks, although they are actually incompetent hosts for the Lyme disease bacterial spirochaetes. Additionally, in the past three decades, fragmentation of forests in eastern regions
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. A key remaining question is how fragmentation and L hunting-induced changes in the host community affect the abundance of infected nymphal ticks, which is the key metric for disease risk.
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Poverty and wealth, however, probably affect final disease outcomes asymmetrically, because economic duress restricts the potential for ameliorative actions (eg, limiting of outdoor activities, protection from vector bites, or costly vaccination in the case of tick-borne encephalitis)
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From page 191... ...
Economic and public health assistance could be targeted towards populations at high disease risk because of social strife caused by conflict or natural disasters, and urban planning could be used to minimise the use of risky habitat by people for living and recreation. Unfortunately, although correlations exist between land use and disease incidence or measures of risk, rigorous and
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From page 192... ...
are associated with a higher incidence of West Nile virus in people at the county scale, but the mechanism underlying this pattern is unknown (Kilpatrick, 2011; Bowden et al., 2011)
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. A key challenge is that biological models frequently have difficulty accurately predicting changes in vector abundance, which is the most variable factor in the transmission potential of VBPs.
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. Similarly, on Réunion between 2005 and 2006, one nucleotide change occurred in chikungunya virus that increased infection in the recently introduced mosquito species Aedes albopictus (Tsetsarkin and Weaver, 2011)
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As the abundance of human commensal vectors increases with urbanisation and deforestation, so do the opportunities for strictly human transmission of pathogens. Control of VBPs Novel introductions and increases in incidence of endemic VBPs draw attention to the need for effective control and treatment of individuals with associated diseases.
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From page 196... ...
Behavioural change is especially important at the leading edge of invading endemic or exotic pathogens where personal protective behaviours are often absent. Reversal of ecological drivers of disease emergence necessitates identification of the causes of increases in incidence and subsequent targeting with appropriate control measures, which needs integration between researchers, public health agencies, the government, and the public.
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From page 197... ...
Recognition that a large fraction of the public health burden of both endemic and exotic VBPs comes from infection at the invading front would enable prospective action to address the ecological and sociological drivers of transmission. Financial and technological hurdles persist in developing countries, making diagnosis and control difficult where the diseases are stubbornly most prevalent.
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From page 198... ...
2011. Regional differences in the association between land cover and West Nile virus disease incidence in humans in the United States.
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2006c. West Nile virus epi emics d in North America are driven by shifts in mosquito feeding behavior.
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2008. Impact of host community composition on Lyme disease risk.
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2004. An epidemiological model for West Nile virus: invasion analysis and control applications.
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