Global Health Impacts of Vector-Borne Diseases Workshop Summary (2016) / Chapter Skim
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A7 - Climate Teleconnections, Weather Extremes, and Vector-Borne Disease Outbreaks - Kenneth J. Linthicum, Assaf Anyamba, Seth C. Britch, Jennifer L. Small, and Compton J. Tucker
A7 - Climate Teleconnections, Weather Extremes, and Vector-Borne Disease Outbreaks - Kenneth J. Linthicum, Assaf Anyamba, Seth C. Britch, Jennifer L. Small, and Compton J. Tucker
Pages 202-220
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. In this paper we show that outbreaks of Rift Valley fever and chikungunya, two important emerging mosquito-borne diseases, are coupled to specific climate anomaly patterns.
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we map the magnitude and extent of these weather anomalies for diverse regions including the continental United States, Russia, East Africa, Southern Africa, and Australia, and we demonstrate that shifts in temperature and/or precipitation have significant impacts on ecology patterns with attendant consequences for public health. Weather extremes resulted in excessive rainfall and flooding as well as severe drought which created exceptional conditions for extensive mosquito-borne disease outbreaks of Rift Valley fever, Murray Valley encephalitis, dengue, West Nile virus disease, and air pollution associated with extensive fires and high temperatures.
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It has been shown to be associated with the occurrence of several human and animal diseases including Rift Valley fever, Murray Valley encephalitis, chikungunya, malaria, hantavirus pulmonary syndrome, and cholera precipitated by extremes in rainfall and temperature among other factors (Anyamba et al., 2009; Linthicum et al., 1999; Nicholls, 1986; Bouma and Dye, 1997; Kovats et al., 2003; Engelthaler et al., 1999; Pascual et al., 2000)
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We georeferenced disease occurrence records, and examined the spatial and temporal associations of these disease outbreaks and how they were impacted by variable climate and ecological patterns. The relationship between rainfall and Rift Valley fever was determined through a logistic regression of presence or absence of disease reports on cumulative rainfall anomalies for the 4 months immediately preceding each Rift Valley fever outbreak (Anyamba, 2009; data not shown)
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. Although the 2008 Madagascar Rift Valley fever outbreak was initially triggered by elevated rainfall (Anyamba et al., 2010)
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Available from PLoS Neglected Tropical Diseases under Creative Commons license; (B-Right) Anyamba et al., 2012b, reproduced with permission from IEEE.
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events and their link to mosquito-borne diseases will likely allow parts of Africa, the Indian Ocean basin islands, and elsewhere within the greater tropics to have from several months to more than a year warning prior to Rift Valley fever outbreaks, permitting more efficacious targeting of vaccine, virus surveillance, mosquito control, animal quarantine, and public education strategies. Extreme Weather and Disease Outbreaks The anomalous conditions observed during 2010–2012 were the most extreme weather events in the 12-year record of Terra MODIS data, and they present a good opportunity to quantify these weather impacts on mosquitotransmitted diseases using various satellite-based parameters of surface conditions.
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Rainfall deficits were associated with elevated West Nile virus and dengue transmission, and surpluses associated with Murray Valley encephalitis and Rift Valley fever outbreaks. Record high temperatures and persistent drought (rainfall shortfalls of 65 percent)
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Available from PLoS Neglected Tropical Diseases under Creative Commons license. West Nile virus disease cases in 2012 can in part be associated with extreme drought (see Figure A7-9B; Epstein and Defilippo, 2001)
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The fires led to smoke pollution and an increase in the number of upper respiratory illnesses, and resulted in more than 15,000 deaths in Russia during the 2010 summer. In 2011 an unprecedented extensive dengue outbreak occurred in East Africa and was associated with anomalously elevated land surface temperatures and drought (52 percent below-normal rainfall)
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These extremely wet conditions led to the flooding of low-lying areas, or dambos/pans, and created ideal ecological conditions to hatch ground pool Aedes species mosquito eggs infected with Rift Valley fever virus. Additionally, there was a downward shift in mean seasonal (December–February)
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during periods of disease outbreaks in selected regions: (A, B) Lincoln, Nebraska, USA: West Nile virus disease, 40.8069N, 96.6817W, (C, D)
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. Culex annulirostris, the primary Murray Valley encephalitis mosquito vectors, propagate well during cooler temperatures associated with heavy rainfall periods in the tropics and subtropics (Van Den Hurk et al., 2010)
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: Elevated risk for Rift Valley fever and malaria illnesses resulting from elevated mosquito vector populations, as well as increased risk for cholera due to heavy rainfall in dry land areas and human contamination of water supply. Note: In spite of significant protective Rift Valley fever virus antibodies in livestock older than 3 years, infected mosquitoes may be produced in the region and significant transmission may occur particularly in areas not af fected during the recent 2006–2007 epizootic/epidemic.
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SOURCE: Chretien et al., 2015. Available from PLoS Currents Outbreaks under Creative Commons license.
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2010. Prediction, assessment of the Rift Valley fever activity in East and Southern Africa 2006–2008 and possible vector control strategies.
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2011. Mo lecular epidemiology of Rift Valley fever virus.
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2013. Drought-induced amplification of local and regional West Nile virus infection rates in New Jersey.
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