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A8 - Changing Paradigms for Tick-Borne Diseases in the Americas - Christopher D. Paddock, Robert S. Lane, J. Erin Staples, and Marcelo B. Labruna
Pages 221-257

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From page 221...
... American Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene 49:672-670. Turell, M
From page 222...
... andersoni Canada, United States Lineage I Powassan virus 1963 Ixodes marxi Canada, United States Ixodes cookei Ixodes spinipalpis Babesia microti 1970 Ixodes scapularis United States Borrelia burgdorferi 1982 I scapularis Canada, United States Ixodes pacificus Ehrlichia chaffeensis 1987 A
From page 223...
... This compilation does not include many other regionally important and occasionally life-threatening tick-borne infections such as Colorado tick fever (CTF) , tick-borne relapsing fever, and Heartland virus infection that are not nationally notifiable (Forrester et al.; 2015, Yendell et al., 2015; Pastula et al., 2014)
From page 224...
... FIGURE A8-1  Reported cases of spotted fever group rickettsioses (including Rocky Mountain spotted fever, Rickettsia parkeri rickettsiosis, and 364D rickettsiosis) , ehrlichioses (including Ehrlichia chaffeensis, Ehrlichia ewingii, and Ehrlichia muris-like ehrlichioses)
From page 225...
... . FIGURE A8-3  Reported cases of Powassan virus disease in the United States, 2000–2013.
From page 226...
... FIGURE A8-4  Reported cases of laboratory-confirmed Brazilian spotted fever in São Paulo State, Brazil, 1985–2012. SOURCE: Data from São Paulo State government's Centro de Vigilância Epidemiológica "Alexandre Vranjac" (CVE)
From page 227...
... . A febrile, highly lethal disease locally called febre pintada (spotted fever)
From page 228...
... Indeed, surveys examining the relative prevalence of Ehrlichia spp. in reservoir hosts and Amblyomma americanum ticks in the United States suggest that E
From page 229...
... Accordingly, the reporting category for RMSF in the United States was modified in 2010 to include diseases caused by R parkeri and other spotted fever group rickettsioses (Openshaw et al., 2010)
From page 230...
... . TABLE A8-2  Comparison of Selected Signs and Symptoms Reported for Patients with Laboratory-Confirmed Brazilian Spotted Fever in the States of São Paulo and Santa Catarina, Brazil, During 2003–2006.
From page 231...
... of 4,938 I scapularis ticks collected by passive surveillance in eight provinces during 2012 (Dibernardo et al., 2014)
From page 232...
... . Despite its recent identification in 2009, and given the similar clinical features of Heartland virus with other tick-borne bacterial or rickettsial diseases, it is likely that cases of Heartland virus disease may have been misdiagnosed clinically as one of these diseases in the United States for many years (Figure A8-5B)
From page 233...
... . The recent discovery of Bourbon virus, a newly recognized Thogotovirus isolated from an ill patient in Kansas, resulted from a careful laboratory assessment of a patient suspected initially to be infected with Heartland virus (Kosoy et al., 2015)
From page 234...
... Indeed, fatal carditis is considered an extremely rare manifestation of Lyme disease. A retrospective evaluation FIGURE A8-6  Borrelia burgdorferi spirochete identified by using Warthin-Starry silver impregnation technique in heart tissue of a patient with sudden cardiac death.
From page 235...
... . These less severe clinical presentations were associated mainly with lineage II Powassan virus infections originating from the Midwest (Neitzel et al., 2013; Hoang Johnson et al., 2010; Ebel et al., 1999; Brackney et al., 2008)
From page 236...
... phagocytophilum (Hoang Johnson et al., 2010) , and with Heartland virus and Ehrlichia chaffeensis (CDC, unpublished data)
From page 237...
... . Although it is unclear why older adults are more likely to have more clinically apparent or severe disease when infected with Heartland virus, this finding mirrors what occurs with many other viral infections, such as West Nile virus and influenza virus (Lindsey et al., 2010; Quandelacy et al., 2014)
From page 238...
... . The ecology and epidemiology of Lyme disease on the West Coast differs markedly from that in the northeastern United States.
From page 239...
... burgdorferi-infected I scapularis ticks have spread throughout southern Canada, with recent invasion events in southwestern Quebec and southern Ontario being ascribed to long-distance dispersal by migratory birds (Ogden et al., 2013)
From page 240...
... . Capybara and the Reemergence of Brazilian Spotted Fever The state of São Paulo in southeastern Brazil has accounted for nearly half of all laboratory-confirmed cases of BSF during the past 30 years (Barros e Silva et al., 2014)
From page 241...
... variabilis and Dermacentor andersoni were considered to be the most important vectors of RMSF in the United States. During 2002–2004, 16 cases of Rocky Mountain spotted fever were identified in a 6700-km2 region of rural eastern Arizona (Demma et al., 2005a)
From page 242...
... In North America, there are currently four tick-associated viral agents of disease -- Colorado tick fever virus, Heartland virus, and Powassan lineage I and II viruses. This likely represents only a fraction of the pathogenic tick-borne arboviruses in the Western Hemisphere.
From page 243...
... Tacaribe virus Amblyomma Associated with a Sayler et al., 2014 americanum non-fatal infection in a laboratory worker. Borrelia bissettii Ixodes pacificus DNA detected in Girard et al., 2011 human serum; cause Schneider et al., 2008 of illness in Europe; induces pathology in mice.
From page 244...
... americanum is also a vector of Heartland virus, as well as host to another bunyavirus (Lone Star virus) and a newly identified rhabdovirus (Long Island tick rhabdovirus)
From page 245...
... Emphasis in these areas of expertise clearly needs to be maintained and fortified. Despite an increasingly diverse catalogue of tick-borne diseases in the United States and other countries of the Western Hemisphere, many of the resources that are necessary to properly explore the transmission dynamics, reservoir hosts, and human epidemiologic
From page 246...
... 2011. Epidemiological characteristics of Brazilian spotted fever in Minas Gerais State, Brazil, 2000-2008.
From page 247...
... Stable prevalence of Powassan virus in Ixodes scapularis in a northern Wisconsin focus. American Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene 79:971-973.
From page 248...
... 1991. Fatal Rocky Mountain spotted fever in Maryland -- 1901.
From page 249...
... 2007. Rocky Mountain spotted fever, Panama.
From page 250...
... 2011. Outbreak of Rocky Mountain spotted fever in Córdoba, Colombia.
From page 251...
... 1976. Isolation of a spotted fever group rickettsia from the Pacific coast tick, Ixodes pacificus, in Oregon.
From page 252...
... 2014. Genetic identification of rickettsial isolates from fatal cases of Brazilian spotted fever and comparison with Rickettsia rickettsii isolates from the American continents.
From page 253...
... 2009. New epidemiological data on Brazilian spotted fever in an endemic area of the state of São Paulo, Brazil.
From page 254...
... 2014. Phylo geography of Rickettsia rickettsii genotypes associated with fatal Rocky Mountain spotted fever.
From page 255...
... 1909. A micro-organism which apparently has a specific relationship to Rocky Mountain spotted fever.
From page 256...
... 2012. Experimental infection of the tick Amblyomma cajennense, Cayenne tick, with Rickettsia rickettsii, the agent of Rocky Mountain spotted fever.
From page 257...
... 2011. Infrequency of Rickettsia rickettsii in Dermacentor variabilis removed from humans, with comments on the role of other human biting ticks associated with spotted fever group rickettsiae in the United States.


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