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A11 - Vector-Borne Disease Emergence and Spread in the European Union - Jan C. Semenza
Pages 307-328

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From page 307...
... Anticipating and elucidating such an outbreak requires a systems perspective. In a foresight study, the European Centre for Disease Prevention and Control mapped the interrelated and interdependent nature of disease drivers in order to predict the abrupt emergence of infectious disease threats by 2020 in Europe (Suk and Semenza, 2011)
From page 308...
... Socially and economically disadvantaged groups suffer disproportionally from infectious diseases in Europe (Semenza and Giesecke, 2008; Suhrcke et al., 2011)
From page 309...
... Eight plausible threat scenarios facing the European Union by 2020 were formulated, based on the line-listing of different drivers for infectious diseases from the ECDC foresight study described above (Suk and Semenza, 2011)
From page 310...
... The event-based database did not comprehensively capture mortality and morbidity (ECDC has a dedicated repository for notifiable infectious diseases) , but 64 deaths and 4,748 illnesses were attributed to those 27 individual VBD FIGURE A11-1  Number of observed infectious disease threat events (IDTEs)
From page 311...
... . However, traditional environmental and infectious disease epidemiology is hampered by a number of shortcomings when it comes to the public health challenges from global environmental change (McMichael, 2013a)
From page 312...
... Moreover, detection of health endpoints with traditional surveillance methods suffers from significant time lags because of delays in case identification, diagnosis, and reporting, which can result in exposure misclassification and confounding. A geographic shift in infectious diseases might also lead to an expansion of the disease burden into new areas and might therefore be missed.
From page 313...
... . The hub is composed of a data repository, a geoportal for data visualization and dissemination, and online tools that support the analysis of environmental, climatic and social drivers of infectious diseases (see Figure A11-3)
From page 314...
... It can also be used to set public health policies and inform civil society about potential consequences of global environmental change on public health. The initial building-block of the E3 Network was a set of data that was assembled through a research project of the Directorate-General for Research and Innovation of the European Commission entitled Emerging Diseases in a Changing European Environment project (EDEN)
From page 315...
... By defining the environmental and climatic profile of areas with active transmission cycles between 2009 and 2012 other areas at risk for malaria re-emergence in Greece could then be defined. Georeferenced environmental and climatic information for Greece and several other data sources were retrieved from the E3 Network data repository and other sources and processed for spatial modeling (Scharlemann et al., 2008; Earth Resources Observation and Science Center USGS EROS, 2005; European Environment Agency, 2011; The Joint Research Centre, 2009)
From page 316...
... This map was shared with public health practitioners in Greece responsible for integrated preparedness and response activities. Using EU structural funds, transmission was eventually interrupted in 2013 through targeted epidemiological and entomological surveillance, vector control activities, and awareness rising among the general population and health workers, in the areas environmentally suitable for transmission.
From page 317...
... . Thus, permissive weather and environmental conditions are responsible for sustained local transmission whereas migratory birds and short distance vector transportation affect the geographic dispersion.
From page 318...
... 318 FIGURE A11-6  Distribution of WNF cases by affected areas, European region and Mediterranean basin. NOTE: Transmission season 2014 and previous transmission seasons; accessed November 20, 2014.
From page 319...
... Aedes aegypti is the predominant mosquito vector that transmits the dengue virus to humans, whereas Aedes albopictus is a less effective vector (Lambrechts et al., 2010)
From page 320...
... 320 GLOBAL HEALTH IMPACTS OF VECTOR-BORNE DISEASE FIGURE A11-7  Map of predicted probability of WNV infection based on environmental predictors, Europe and neighbouring countries, 2012 and 2013.
From page 321...
... . We developed a model based on 2010 data that relates air travellers from dengue affected areas to dengue importation to Europe.
From page 322...
... The main driver of dengue importation and its pattern into EU countries can be described with high spatial and temporal resolution international air traffic data (see Figure A11-9) (Semenza et al., 2014)
From page 323...
... SOURCE: Semenza et al., 2014. Available from PLoS Neglected Tropical Diseases under Creative Commons license.
From page 324...
... Mounting an effective public health response to these threats obviously includes awareness rising among the general public, public health practitioners, and policy makers about disease vectors and their relationship with infectious diseases. Exposure prevention through personal protection and vector control are essential activities of effective public health practice.
From page 325...
... 2014. Tender specifications for analysis of environmental drivers of infectious diseases framework service contract.
From page 326...
... Emerging Infectious Diseases 18(8)
From page 327...
... 2013. Linking environmental drivers to infectious diseases: The European environment and epidemiology network.
From page 328...
... Emerging Infectious Diseases 19(5)


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