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Appendix D: Glossary
Pages 353-362

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From page 353...
... Antibiotic resistance: Property of bacteria that confers the capacity to inactivate or exclude antibiotics or a mechanism that blocks the inhibitory or killing effects of antibiotics. Antimicrobials: Class of substances that can destroy or inhibit the growth of pathogenic groups of microorganisms, including bacteria, viruses, parasites, and fungi.
From page 354...
... Climate change: A change of climate attributed directly or indirectly to human activity that alters the composition of the global atmosphere and is in addition to natural climate variability observed over comparable time periods. Climate extremes: Used to represent weather extremes (see definition below)
From page 355...
... Ecosystem: Mutually interrelated communities of species and abiotic components, existing as a system with specific interactions and exchange of matter, energy, and information. El Niño: A warming of the surface waters of the tropical Pacific that occurs every 3 to 5 years, temporarily affecting weather worldwide.
From page 356...
... Such extremes include severe thunderstorms, s ­ evere snowstorms, ice storms, blizzards, flooding, hurricanes, high winds, and heat waves. For example, although flooding is common in the United States, the impacts of flooding are not consistent from year to year through time.
From page 357...
... As human parasites, kinetoplastids are associated with Chagas disease, HAT, and leishmaniasis. La Niña: Cooler-than-normal sea surface temperatures in the central and eastern tropical Pacific ocean that impact global weather patterns.
From page 358...
... Prevalence rate is the number of cases of a specific disease at a particular time divided by the population at that time living in the same region. Protozoa and protozoan parasites: Protozoa are microscopic, unicellular organisms that can be free living or parasitic in nature.
From page 359...
... : RNAi is a biological process in which RNA molecules inhibit gene expression, typically by causing the destruction of specific mRNA molecules. rRT-PCR: A real-time polymerase chain reaction is a laboratory technique of molecular biology based on the polymerase chain reaction (PCR)
From page 360...
... Transmission may be by injection of salivary gland fluid during biting, or by regurgitation or deposition on the skin of feces or other material capable of penetrating the bite wound or an area of trauma from scratching or rubbing. This transmission is by an infected nonvertebrate host and not simple mechanical carriage by a vector or vehicle.
From page 361...
... . Zoonotic infection: Infection that causes disease in human populations but can be perpetuated solely in nonhuman host animals (e.g., bubonic plague)


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