Global Health Impacts of Vector-Borne Diseases Workshop Summary (2016) / Chapter Skim
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A1 - Emerging Insect-Transmitted Plant Diseases: The Bacterium Xylella fastidiosa as a Case Study - Rodrigo P. P. Almeida and L. Nunney
A1 - Emerging Insect-Transmitted Plant Diseases: The Bacterium Xylella fastidiosa as a Case Study - Rodrigo P. P. Almeida and L. Nunney
Pages 91-105
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From page 91... ...
Factors driving the emergence of these diseases include vector and/or pathogen introductions into new areas where susceptible plant host species occur, the adaptation of pathogens and their vectors to management strategies such as pesticides or pathogen resistant plant varietal selections, the emergence of novel pathogens, as well as human-mediated environmental changes such deforestation and climate. Unlike animal and human emerging diseases, however, there is no recent large scale analysis of global trends of the types of emerging diseases affecting plants, or what are the main factors driving the emergence of these diseases (the last analysis being Anderson et al., 2004)
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From page 92... ...
fastidiosa will be influenced by the extensive list of host plants species that can be infected (at least temporarily) , the plant-host specificity of different genotypes, and the wide range of potential insect vectors.
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. Presumably a longer feeding time increases the likelihood of insect vectors reaching colonized xylem vessels in the case of acquisition, and performing specific probing behaviors in the case of inoculation.
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A Plant Generalist or Not: Revisiting Xylella fastidiosa Systematics Xylella fastidiosa currently is the sole species in the genus Xylella; Xanthomonas spp. are sister taxa to X
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From page 95... ...
The importance of experimental work to determine the host range of pathogens remains paramount. It is possible that ecological conditions limit the host range and/or virulence of pathogens, which may be ‘released' in new environments where other vector species and host plants are present, or abiotic factors such as climate and precipitation vary.
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fastidiosa is found in Costa Rica and is presumed to be native to southern Central America (Nunney et al., 2010) , and subsp.
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A recent report by the European Food Safety Authority evaluation on the risk of X fastidiosa introductions into the European Union reached similar conclusions (EFSA Panel on Plant Health, 2015)
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fastidiosa introductions we direct readers to a recent review by the European Food Safety Authority (EFSA Panel on Plant Health, 2015)
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vitripennis is the only vector species shown to transmit X fastidiosa belonging to all currently accepted subspecies (fastidiosa, multiplex, sandyi, and pauca)
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From page 100... ...
In addition to host species switches induced by IHR, genetic exchange within subspecies occurs (Almeida et al., 2008; Nunney et al., 2013)
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Last Thoughts Xylella fastidiosa is no longer a plant pathogen limited to a few countries in the Americas, where its geographical distribution ranges from Canada to Argentina. The long-term presence of X
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From page 102... ...
2002. Transmission of the citrus variegated chlorosis bacterium Xylella fastidiosa with the sharpshooter Oncometopia nigricans.
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2009. Leaf scorch of purple-leafed plum and sweetgum dieback: Two new diseases in Southern California caused by Xylella fastidiosa strains with different host ranges.
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2014. Factors affecting the initial adhesion and retention of the plant pathogen Xylella fastidiosa in the foregut of an insect vector.
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2014a. The complex biogeog raphy of the plant pathogen Xylella fastidiosa: Genetic evidence of introductions and subspecific introgression in Central America.
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