Mathematical Sciences Research Challenges for the Next-Generation Electric Grid Summary of a Workshop (2015) / Chapter Skim
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4 Optimization and Control Methods for a Robust and Resilient Power Grid
4 Optimization and Control Methods for a Robust and Resilient Power Grid
Pages 31-42
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From page 31... ...
Currently, consumer demand for electricity is met mostly through base generation (by large, efficient generators that cannot be switched online or offline quickly) , to which is added a small fluctuating supply of renewable energy supplemented with reserve generation that can be altered quickly.
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From page 32... ...
, where deferrable tasks pay less; and
• Duration-differentiated energy service, with fixed power, flexible time, and different durations, where, for example, a consumer can purchase 1 kilo watt for any number of hours within a preset window. Varaiya stressed that providing consumers with duration-differentiated energy service to meet time-flexible demand requires the use of mathematical models.
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From page 33... ...
Varaiya explained that this is done by the "longest leftover duration first rule," where the task with the longest duration left to completion is served first, and the tasks are reordered with each new time slot. An optimization FIGURE 4.1 Allocation matrix, given the renewable energy supply profile p = (p1, p2, .
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From page 34... ...
Varaiya concluded by summarizing that variable supply requires moving be yond the current practice of tailoring supply to load. He said that new types of energy services can be used to tailor demand to variable renewable supply, and services that incorporate demand flexibility can provide the right incentives for consumers.
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From page 35... ...
Note that when wind generation ramped up to 4 GW, it caused large oscillations in the regulatory signal. Meyn said that resources are needed to respond to this regulatory signal, and they are called ancillary services.
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From page 36... ...
Alternatively, Meyn said, the two higher-frequency, zero-energy signals could be supplied through flexible loads. For example, G2 might be obtained from loads such as irrigation, refrigeration, or district hot water, while G3 could be obtained from modulating fans in commercial buildings (many gigawatts of capacity are available in the United States)
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From page 37... ...
However, Meyn commented that FERC Order 745 was short-lived because of state jurisdiction issues. It was also FIGURE 4.4 Illustration of control architecture with frequency decomposition for demand dispatch.
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From page 38... ...
and regional transmission organizations are required to pay regulation resources based on the actual amount of regulation service provided. In addition, he said, a pay-for performance approach acknowledges speed and accuracy.
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From page 39... ...
ADVANCES IN MIXED-INTEGER PROGRAMMING AND THE IMPACT ON MANAGING ELECTRIC POWER GRIDS Robert Bixby, Gurobi Optimization Robert Bixby discussed advances in mixed-integer programming (MIP) and the impact on managing electric power grids.
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From page 40... ...
The biggest two advances for MIP were presolve and cutting planes. Presolve exam ined user input for logical reduction opportunities in order to reduce the size of 1 The list of application areas is long and includes accounting, advertising, agriculture, airlines, ATM provisioning, compilers, defense, electrical power, energy, finance, food service, forestry, gas distribution, government, Internet applications, logistics/supply chain, medical, mining, national research laboratories, online dating, portfolio management, railways, recycling, revenue management, semiconductors, shipping, social networking, sourcing, sports betting, sports scheduling, statistics, steel manufacturing, telecommunications, transportation, utilities, and workforce management.
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From page 41... ...
Figure 4-5 the problem passed to the requested optimizer, thereby reducing total run time. Cutting-plane methods refined the objective function using linear inequalities.
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From page 42... ...
In April 2009, CAISO implemented MIP as part of its Market Redesign and Technology Update with an estimated savings of $52 million. In 2009, the Southwest Power Pool introduced MIP enhancements to its day-ahead market with an estimated $103 million in an nual benefits (FERC, 2011b)
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