Mathematical Sciences Research Challenges for the Next-Generation Electric Grid Summary of a Workshop (2015) / Chapter Skim
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2 Setting the Stage
2 Setting the Stage
Pages 4-17
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From page 4... ...
He discussed some grid and consumer technologies that have the potential to improve the efficiency, reliability, and security of the electricity supply while also lessening emissions of greenhouse gases and improving human health. Chu noted that until recently, petroleum production in the United States had been declining since about 1970.
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Figure 2.2 shows the EIA estimates for where, and how much, technically recoverable shale gas may be accessible. Chu also discussed the environmental and human health implications of increased particulate matter, specifically a potential increased risk of lung cancer (Raaschou-Nielsen et al., 2013)
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Figure 2-2 What Are theBitmapped Our Electric Grid? Issues Facing Aged Transmission and Distribution Infrastructure Chu commented that the United States has an aged transmission and distri bution infrastructure architecture based on centralized, local generation.
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Currently, the United States subsidizes wind energy through a wind production tax credit. However, Chu noted, owing to the current low prices in some geographic regions, the tax credit may not be essential nationwide.
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Figure 2-3 BItmapped FIGURE 2.4 Time trends for wind power purchase agreements by geographic location from 1996 to 2013, adjusted for inflation and shown in 2013 dollars. SOURCE: Steven Chu, Stanford University, presentation to the workshop; from Wiser et al.
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From page 9... ...
Currently, utility-scale solar energy in Texas is comparable to the cost of new natural gas. Chu commented that the United States currently provides an investment tax credit of 30 percent, but he believes this could start ramping down to 10 percent in the next 6 to 10 years without disturbing the market.
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From page 10... ...
Chu said that if the United States was to move to more high-voltage transmission, it could mean losing significantly fewer electrons per FIGURE 2.6 Natural gas, solar, and wind lead power plant capacity additions in the first half of 2014. SOURCE: Steven Chu, Stanford University, presentation to the workshop; from EIA (2014)
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From page 11... ...
Third-party solar installation -- where a company creates a PPA with a household to install and maintain the company's solar panels and sell the generated solar power for a fixed number of years, often at no up-front cost to the household -- can result in the consumer receiving electricity at a kilowatt-hour price that is lower than what is available through a utility company. Chu expects that consumers will increasingly participate in these third-party solar installations, which will result in a decreased need for energy during peak solar production times (usually noon to 4 p.m.)
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From page 12... ...
Electric Grid," April 24, 2009, http:// R www.npr.org/2009/04/24/110997398/visualizing-the-u-s-electric-grid. Source: American Electric Power, A merican Wind Energy Association, Center for American Progress, Department of Energy, Edison Electric Institute, Energy Information Administration, Electric Power Research Institute, Federal nergy E Regulatory Commission, National Renewable Energy Laboratory, U.S.
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Setting the Stage 13 Figure 2-8 (B) Bitmapped Figure 2-8 (c)
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From page 14... ...
Stanford University is currently building a similar power plant. Electric Vehicles and Consumer Energy Storage Electric vehicles and consumer energy storage add further complications to the grid, Chu said, and may become a problem once electric vehicles are widely used.
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For example, he proposed the following solution to align utility company incentives with deployment of solar energy: offer consumers rooftop electricity and in-home energy storage where distribution companies partner with third-party installers so that distributed generation and storage is owned, installed, and maintained by energy providers. 2 Some of these stochastic time-series models include the autoregressive model, autoegressive r moving average model, autoregressive integrated moving average model, and other models using fuzzy logic and neural networks.
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16 M at h e m at i c a l S c i e n c e s for the N e x t - G e n e r at i o n E l e c t r i c G r i d FIGURE 2.9 Current (top) and shifting (bottom)
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Chu described the reliability coordinator networks throughout the country that monitor the interconnected transmission system and take immediate action if needed. This monitoring depends on an information infrastructure that is in need of improved sensing capabilities (via phasor measurement units)
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