Review of WIC Food Packages Proposed Framework for Revisions: Interim Report (2016) / Chapter Skim
Currently Skimming:
4 Nutrient Intakes of WIC-Eligible Populations
4 Nutrient Intakes of WIC-Eligible Populations
Pages 119-158
The Chapter Skim interface presents what we've algorithmically identified as the most significant single chunk of text within every page in the chapter.
Select key terms on the right to highlight them within pages of the chapter.
From page 119... ...
data to evaluate current nutrient intakes among WIC-eligible women, infants, and children in comparison to the Dietary Reference Intakes (DRIs) (using NHANES 2011–2012 data)
|
From page 120... ...
in central Texas among children ages 4 to 24 months. They found lower energy intakes after the food package changes.
|
From page 121... ...
Therefore, a comparison of nutrient intakes among WIC participants before the 2009 food package 1 Definitions of adequate intake (AI) and other Dietary Reference Intake (DRI)
|
From page 122... ...
; therefore, mean intake values are presented for these nutrients.3 Intakes of macronutrients that fall above or below the AMDR may increase the risk of chronic disease. A prevalence of inadequacy or excess greater than 5 percent was considered of concern.4 Vitamin D intake data are presented only for infants ages 0 to less than 12 months because serum vitamin D data are not available for this 2 In addition to the difficulties with separation of the 2009–2010 NHANES dataset, this period spanned the change in food packages.
|
From page 123... ...
. In phase II, the effects of potential food package changes on vitamin D content of the packages will be assessed in the sensitivity analysis.
|
From page 124... ...
0.6 (3.86) NOTES: αTOC = α-tocopherol; DFE = dietary folate equivalent; EAR = Estimated Average Requirement; N = sample size; NPNL/P/BF = Nonpregnant, nonlactating/pregnant/breastfeeding; RAE = retinol activity equivalent; SE = standard error.
|
From page 125... ...
Reported energy intake data are presented in Table 4-4. Mean usual intakes were higher than the calculated Estimated Energy Requirements (EERs)
|
From page 126... ...
. AIs are from Dietary Reference Intake reports (IOM, 1998, 2005)
|
From page 127... ...
11.3 (0.33) NOTES: AI = Adequate Intake; AMDR = Acceptable Macronutrient Distribution Range; DRI = Dietary Reference Intake; EAR = Estimated Average Requirement; g/d = grams per day; g/kg/d = grams per kilogram of body weight per day; kcal = kilocalories; N = sample size; SE = standard error.
|
From page 128... ...
These findings should be interpreted with caution because reported energy intakes are known to be inaccurate (Subar et al., 2015) and mean intakes could also be affected by differing proportions of pregnant, lactation, and postpartum women within each subgroup.
|
From page 129... ...
) and also the current age categories for the WIC food packages for infants (see Appendix D, Table D-1)
|
From page 130... ...
Mean intakes of protein, carbohydrate, and total fat exceed the AI for these nutrients. The mean usual energy intake of WIC participating infants less than 6 months of age was 705 kcal per day, which is 19 percent higher than the EER of 594 kcal per day for these individuals (see Table 4-8)
|
From page 131... ...
113 (4.12) NOTES: αTOC = α-tocopherol; AI = Adequate Intake; DFE = dietary folate equivalent; N = sample size; RAE = retinol activity equivalent; SE = standard error.
|
From page 132... ...
. Reported mean usual energy intake exceeded the calculated EER for all subgroups and was similar among the subgroups (see Table 4-13)
|
From page 133... ...
Although 9 percent of WIC-eligible nonparticipating infants exceeded the UL for calcium, few WIC participating infants had intakes that were too high. Evaluation of iron and energy provided in the WIC food packages for fully formula-feeding infants WIC formula is required to contain a minimum of 1.5 mg iron per 100 kilocalories at standard dilution5 (USDA/FNS, 2014)
|
From page 134... ...
. TABLE 4-10 Estimated Prevalence of Inadequacy of Selected Micronutrients Compared to Estimated Average Requirement (EAR)
|
From page 135... ...
138 (5.80) NOTES: αTOC = α-tocopherol equivalents; AI = Adequate Intake; DFE = dietary folate equivalent; N = sample size; SE = standard error.
|
From page 136... ...
. Reference intakes for protein, total carbohydrate, and total fat are per the Dietary Reference Intake report (IOM, 2002/2005)
|
From page 137... ...
It is presumed that infants begin to receive complementary foods between 4 and 6 months of age to meet their increased needs for energy and nutrients. Nutrient Intakes of Children, Ages 1 to Less Than 2 Years For this age group, there were no statistically significant differences between WIC participants and eligible non-WIC subgroups.
|
From page 138... ...
Macronutrient and Energy Intake The macronutrient intakes for this age group are summarized in Table 4-18. Although the 2015 DGAC report's recommendations were for children aged 2 years and older, the recommended limits on percentage of energy from saturated fat and grams of sugar are applied here as well.
|
From page 139... ...
for the 1,000–1,300 kcal weighted diet pattern6 applied to children in this report. If a lower energy intake level, closer to the mean EER for WIC participants in this age group was considered (925 kcal)
|
From page 140... ...
NOTES: αTOC = α-tocopherol; DFE = dietary folate equivalent; EAR = Estimated Average Require ent; N = sample size; RAE = retinol activity equivalent; SE = standard error. m I nadequacy was < 0.15 for copper, zinc, and riboflavin.
|
From page 141... ...
The prevalence of excess sodium intake was 62 to 66 percent for all children in this age category. Nutrient Intakes of Children, Ages 2 to Less Than 5 Years Micronutrient Adequacy For children ages 2 to less than 5 years of age, there was a high prevalence of inadequate intake of calcium and vitamin E across all subgroups (see Table 4-21)
|
From page 142... ...
. Reference intakes for saturated fat and added sugars are per the Scientific Report of the 2015 Dietary Guidelines Advisory Committee (USDA/HHS, 2015)
|
From page 143... ...
Mean saturated fat intakes were only slightly above the recommended 10 percent of energy intakes across all subgroups, although
|
From page 144... ...
As for younger children, reported energy intakes exceeded the calculated EERs for all subgroups, although the difference among the subgroups was smaller than it was for the younger children. Among WIC-participating children, mean energy intakes (1,534 kcal per day)
|
From page 145... ...
0 NOTES: αTOC = α-tocopherol; DFE = dietary folate equivalent; EAR = Estimated Average Require ent; N = sample size; RAE = retinol activity equivalent; SE = standard error. m I nadequacy across all subgroups was < 0.01 for iron, selenium, riboflavin, folate, and vitamin B12.
|
From page 146... ...
. AIs are from Dietary Reference Intake reports (IOM, 1998, 2005)
|
From page 147... ...
. Reference intakes for saturated fat and added sugars are per the Scientific Report of the 2015 Dietary Guidelines Advisory Committee (USDA/HHS, 2015)
|
From page 148... ...
1,341 (9.4) Usual Energy Intakes Median 1,495 (23.6)
|
From page 149... ...
Other age groups relevant to the WIC food packages As described in Chapter 3, dietary intake of vitamin D is not well correlated with status of this nutrient. Vitamin D intakes of other relevant WIC subgroups will be presented in the phase II report to evaluate the potential effect of food package modifications on intake of vitamin D
|
From page 150... ...
Subgroup definitions are as follows: b WIC = All individuals reporting participation in WIC regardless of income level. c Eligible Non-WIC = Low-income individuals who did not report participation in WIC.
|
From page 151... ...
Subgroup definitions: a WIC = All individuals reporting participation in WIC regardless of income level. b Eligible Non-WIC = Low-income individuals who did not report participation in WIC.
|
From page 152... ...
Numbers represent probability of adequacy for the nine shortfall nutrients outlined in the Scientific Report of the 2015 Dietary Guidelines Advisory Committee (potassium; calcium; iron; vitamins A, E, and C; folate; magnesium; and fiber; iron for adolescent and premenopausal females)
|
From page 153... ...
Numbers represent probability of adequacy for the nine shortfall nutrients outlined in the Scientific Report of the 2015 Dietary Guidelines Advisory Committee (potassium; calcium; iron; vitamins A, E, and C; folate; magnesium; and fiber; iron for adolescent and premenopausal females)
|
From page 154... ...
The indicator of WIC participation was not available for the most recent NHANES dataset in time for this report, but it will be available for phase II. Second, using NHANES data to capture data from WIC participants specifically depends on accurate self-identification by WIC recipients in NHANES, and determination of "eligibility" among other, low-income individuals.
|
From page 155... ...
. The committee calculated that a mean usual nutrient intake can be calculated within 3 percent of the true value (95 percent confidence interval)
|
From page 156... ...
This suggests that caretakers of children in these subgroups may be overreporting energy intakes, as has been proposed in other studies (Eck et al., 1989; Devaney et al., 2004) as well as in the previous IOM review of WIC food packages (IOM, 2006)
|
From page 157... ...
2015. Review of WIC food packages: An evaluation of white potatoes in the cash value voucher: Letter report.
|
From page 158... ...
2014. Differences in energy and micronutrient intakes among central Texas WIC infants and toddlers after the pack age change.
|
Key Terms
This material may be derived from roughly machine-read images, and so is provided only to facilitate research.
More
information on Chapter Skim is available.