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11 Findings and Conclusions
Pages 333-352

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From page 333...
... Chapter 1 In Chapter 1 the committee reviewed the background and goals of the WIC program, as well as changes in the WIC population, WIC program administration, and changes to dietary patterns of the U.S. population and federal dietary guidance that have occurred since the 2006 review of WIC food packages.
From page 334...
... 8. The WIC food packages supplement the diets of women and chil dren with smaller proportions of some foods than others relative to the amounts recommended in the 2015 DGAC report for 2,200 and 1,300 kcal food patterns, respectively.
From page 335...
... a.  lthough multiple studies have documented moderate to high A satisfaction with the 2009 changes in the WIC food packages, evidence also indicates cultural variation in participants' satis faction with certain types or amounts of food items.
From page 336...
... . Analyses included a comparison between WIC participants and low-income nonparticipants before the 2009 food package changes (National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey [NHANES]
From page 337...
... 11. The WIC food packages aim to reduce added salt, saturated fat, and added sugars.
From page 338...
...  or most food groups and subgroups, more than half of children F and women had mean intakes below amounts recommended in the 2015 DGAC report.
From page 339...
... c.  Mean intakes of solid fats and added sugars exceeded the recom mended limits specified in the 2015 DGAC report for almost all children and women (87 to 100 percent)
From page 340...
... Chapter 7 In Chapter 7, the committee reviewed the literature on the health benefits of breastfeeding; breastfeeding trends in the general U.S. and WIC populations; barriers, motivators, and incentives for breastfeeding; and the effect of the WIC breastfeeding food package on breastfeeding promotion, initiation, and duration among WIC and low-income populations.
From page 341...
... Chapter 9 In Chapter 9, the committee reviewed the role of the WIC food packages in reducing nutritional risk factors in WIC participants, the relationship of dietary guidance to program goals, marketplace innovations, and flexibility, choice, and cost within the WIC food packages. The key findings from this review are as follows: 1.
From page 342...
... 6. The WIC food packages are currently aligned with the 2015 DGAC report recommendations in that they provide whole grains, low-fat dairy, fruits, vegetables, and protein foods (legumes, peanut butter, fish, and eggs as well as in dairy foods)
From page 343...
... The final criteria were only slightly modified from the criteria applied by the IOM (2006) Committee to Review WIC Food Packages because, after a thorough review of the evidence, the committee concluded that these criteria were comprehensive and remained relevant.
From page 344...
... The committee found no evidence of inadequate intake in the diets of formula-fed infants 0 to 6 months of age. a Nutrients listed represent those for which 5 percent or more of each population subgroup had intakes below the Estimated Average Requirement (EAR)
From page 345...
... The committee's literature review found no evidence of excess nutrient intake for breastfeeding infants or formula-fed infants 0 to 6 months of age.
From page 346...
... The table is based on results for WIC-­ articipating p women and children in NHANES 2005–2008. The USDA food patterns do not apply to infants and children less than 2 years of age; thus, these age groups were omitted from the table.
From page 347...
... Rationale: The goal of the WIC food packages to provide food and nutrients lacking in the diets of women, infants, and children cannot be met if transportation, storage, or food preparation barriers prevent redemption or consumption of the issued foods. Considering the degree to which these barriers are present and the means by which the food packages can accommodate the lifestyle of WIC participants is important to attaining the goal of consumption of the issued foods (to be evaluated in phase II)
From page 348...
... * The sensitivity analysis includes considerations for maintaining the cost neutrality of the overall WIC food packages.
From page 349...
... in phase II after consideration of the results of analysis of nutrient and food consumption by WIC participants in NHANES 2011–2012 and limitations related to cost. The committee's proposed process for revising the WIC food packages in phase II is illustrated in Figure 11-1.
From page 350...
... Small sample sizes for some of the population subgroups are likely to limit further disaggregation into WIC participants and WIC-eligible nonparticipating individuals. Therefore, in phase II, mean intakes can be compared between groups and to recommendations, but a population-level comparison to recommended intakes for women before and after the 2009 food package changes is unlikely to be possible.
From page 351...
... A sensitivity analysis will consider each recommended alternative food item and change in quantity relevant to nutrients, the DRIs, food groups and subgroups, and cost. A regulatory impact analysis will assess the impact of proposed WIC food package changes on program participation, the value of the food packages, and program cost and administration.
From page 352...
... : Revisions in the WIC food packages; final rule, 7 C.F.R.


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