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Appendix S: Breastfeeding Literature Findings
Pages 529-552

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From page 529...
... Appendix S Breastfeeding Literature Findings 529
From page 530...
... for age ≥ 85 percentile based on Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) growth chart and obesity = BMI for age ≥ 95 percentile based on CDC growth chart, with one exception indicated below.
From page 531...
... APPENDIX S 531 Bitmapped Figure R-2 Facing pages FIGURE S-2  Effects of breastfeeding promotion on breastfeeding rates. Bitmapped Figure R-3 Facing pages FIGURE S-3  Effects of breastfeeding promotion on breastfeeding duration.
From page 532...
... 532 REVIEW OF WIC FOOD PACKAGES TABLE S-1  Summary of Factors Associated with Breastfeeding Initiation, Duration, and Exclusivity Among WIC Participants BF Initiation     Factor Associated with BF Study Association BF beliefs/attitudes     BF in first hour Ma and Magnus, 2012 ↑ BF in hospital Ma and Magnus, 2012 ↑ BF information in hospital Ma et al., 2014 ↔ Ma and Magnus, 2012 ↑ BF support groups Gross et al., 2011 ↑ Peer counseling Gross et al., 2009 Reference: standard care Peer counselor: ↑↑ Lactation consultant: ↔ Yun et al., 2010 PC has other positions in WIC: ↔ BF coordinator is BF PC task force member: ↔ Birth weight Ma and Magnus, 2012 ↔ Gross et al., 2009 Reference: normal weight Very low: ↑↑ Low: ↓↓ Very preterm birth: ↔ Unknown birth weight: ↔ Child age    
From page 533...
... APPENDIX S 533 BF Duration   BF Exclusivity   Study Association Study Association     Wojcicki et al., Embarrassing or 2010 difficult in public ↔ Difficult if someone else feeds the child ↔ Physically painful and uncomfortable ↑↑ If friends and family do not approve of breastfeeding impacts attitudes ↔ If husband/partner does not approve of breastfeeding impacts attitudes ↔         Langellier et al., BF 6 months ↑↑ Langellier et al., Exclusive BF 6 2012 BF 12 months ↑↑ 2012 months ↑↑ BF 24 months ↑↑ Exclusive BF 12 months ↑↑ Exclusive BF 24 months ↑↑                         Haughton et al., ↔ 2010         Langellier et al., BF 6 months ↑↑ Langellier et al., Exclusive BF 6 2012 BF 12 months ↔ 2012 months ↔ BF 24 months ↔ continued
From page 534...
... 534 REVIEW OF WIC FOOD PACKAGES TABLE S-1 Continued BF Initiation     Factor Associated with BF Study Association Child care arrangement     Child gender Ziol-Guest and Boy vs. girl ↔ Hernandez, 2010     Employed Darfour-Oduro and ↔ Kim, 2014     Foreign born Ziol-Guest and ↑↑ Hernandez, 2010     Formula at hospital     Gestational diabetes Ma et al., 2014 ↔ mellitus Jacobson et al., 2015 ↔ Government assistance Darfour-Oduro and ↔ Kim, 2014 Gross et al., 2009 Food stamps ↓ Hypertension Jacobson et al., 2015 ↔ Incentives Murimi et al., 2010 Incentives to encourage breastfeeding ↔
From page 535...
... girl ↔ BF 24 months boy vs. girl ↔ Darfour-Oduro BF 3 months ↔ Darfour-Oduro ↔ and Kim, 2014 and Kim, 2014 Haughton et al., BF 6 months ↔ Wojcicki et al., Early introduction to 2010 BF > 6 months ↔ 2010 formula ↔ Ziol-Guest and BF 4 months ↑↑ Ziol-Guest and ↔ Hernandez, 2010 Hernandez, 2010; Langellier et al., BF 6 months ↑↑ Langellier et al., Exclusive BF 6 2012 BF 12 months ↑↑ 2012 months ↔ BF 24 months ↔ Langellier et al., BF 6 months ↔ Langellier et al., Exclusive BF 6 2012 BF 12 months ↔ 2012 months ↓↓ BF 24 months ↔         Darfour-Oduro BF 3 months ↔ Darfour-Oduro ↔ and Kim, 2014 and Kim, 2014                     continued
From page 536...
... 536 REVIEW OF WIC FOOD PACKAGES TABLE S-1 Continued BF Initiation     Factor Associated with BF Study Association Income Jacobson et al., 2015 Reference: annual income ≥ 25,000 Annual income < 4,999 urban: ↑ Annual income < 4,999 rural: ↔ Annual income 5,000–9,999 urban: ↑ Annual income 5,000–9,999 rural: ↔ Annual income 10,000–14,999: ↔ Annual income 15,000–19,999: ↔   Annual income 20,000–24,999: ↔ Intention to BF     Married Ma et al., 2014 ↔ Ziol-Guest and ↑↑ Hernandez, 2010 Darfour-Oduro and ↑↑ Kim, 2014 Ma and Magnus, 2012 ↑↑     Maternal age Ma et al., 2014 ↔ Ziol-Guest and ↔ Hernandez, 2010 Jacobson et al., 2015 Reference: 30 and older 17 and younger: ↔ 18–19: ↑↑ 20–29: ↔
From page 537...
... APPENDIX S 537 BF Duration   BF Exclusivity   Study Association Study Association Wojcicki et al., ↑ 2010         Haughton et al., BF 6 months ↔ Tenfelde et al., Prenatal intention to 2010 BF > 6 months ↔ 2011 exclusive BF ↑↑ Ziol-Guest and BF 4 months ↑↑ Ziol-Guest and ↔ Hernandez, 2010 Hernandez, 2010 Darfour-Oduro BF 3 months ↑↑ Darfour-Oduro ↔ and Kim, 2014 and Kim, 2014 Dodgson et al., Duration any BF ↑↑ Dodgson et al., ↔ 2007 2007     Wojcicki et al., Early introduction to 2010 formula ↔ Ziol-Guest and BF 4 months ↔ Ziol-Guest and ↑↑ Hernandez, 2010 Hernandez, 2010 Dodgson et al., 2007 Tenfelde et al., 2012 BF cessation: ↓↓ Dodgson et al., Duration any BF Dodgson et al., Duration of exclusive 2007 2007 BF Reference: 22–29 Reference: 22–29 21 and younger: ↑↑ 21 and younger: ↔ 30 and older: ↔ 30 and older: ↔ continued
From page 538...
... 538 REVIEW OF WIC FOOD PACKAGES TABLE S-1 Continued BF Initiation     Factor Associated with BF Study Association Gross et al., 2009 Reference: 35–43 14–17: ↓↓ 18–19: ↓↓ 20–24: ↓↓   44–53: ↑↑ Maternal weight/BMI Gross et al., 2009 Reference: BMI 19–24.99 BMI < 19: ↔ BMI 25–29.99: ↓↓ BMI 30–39.99: ↔   BMI 40+: ↔ Mother return to work    
From page 539...
... APPENDIX S 539 BF Duration   BF Exclusivity   Study Association Study Association Haughton et al., ↑↑ 2010 Langellier et al., BF 6 months ↑↑ Langellier et al., Exclusive BF 6 2012 2012 months ↔ BF 12 months ↔ BF 24 months ↔ Wojcicki et al., Early introduction to 2010 formula ↔         Haughton et al., Maternal weight ↔ 2010         Langellier et al., BF 6 months, Langellier et al., Exclusive BF 6 2012 Reference: ≥ 7 2012 months, Reference: ≥ months until work 7 months until work 4–6 months: ↔ 4–6 months: ↔ 0–3 months: ↓↓ 0–3 months: ↓↓ Not employed: ↔ Not employed: ↔ BF 12 months: 4–6 months: ↔ 0–3 months: ↓↓ Not employed: ↔ BF 24 months: 4–6 months: ↔ 0–3 months: ↓↓   Not employed: ↔   continued
From page 540...
... 540 REVIEW OF WIC FOOD PACKAGES TABLE S-1 Continued BF Initiation     Factor Associated with BF Study Association Number of children Ziol-Guest and ↔ Hernandez, 2010     Postpartum health/ Darfour-Oduro and ↔ depression Kim, 2014 Poverty Ziol-Guest and Poverty ratio: ↑↑ Hernandez, 2010 Gross et al., 2009 At or below poverty: ↓↓ Pregnancy intent     Prenatal WIC enrollment Yun et al., 2010 Non-PC agencies duration Reference: < 3 months 3–6 months: ↑↑ ≥ 6 months: ↑↑ PC agencies < 3 months: ↔ 3–6 months: ↑↑   ≥ 6 months: ↑↑ Prenatal WIC participation     Prepregnancy BMI     Previous BF experience     Race Ma et al., 2014 Reference: Non-Hispanic black Non-Hispanic white: ↑↑ Other: ↑↑ Ziol-Guest and Reference: white Hernandez, 2010 Non-Hispanic black: ↓↓ Hispanic: ↔ Non-Hispanic other: ↓↓
From page 541...
... APPENDIX S 541 BF Duration   BF Exclusivity   Study Association Study Association Ziol-Guest and BF 4 months ↔ Ziol-Guest and ↔ Hernandez, 2010 Hernandez, 2010 Dodgson et al., Duration any BF: ↔ Dodgson et al., ↔ 2007 2007     Wojcicki et al., ↔ 2010 Darfour-Oduro BF 3 months: ↔ Darfour-Oduro ↔ and Kim, 2014 and Kim, 2014 Ziol-Guest and PIR, BF 4 months: ↑↑ Ziol-Guest and PIR: ↑↑ Hernandez, 2010 Hernandez, 2010       Haughton et al., ↔     2010         Dodgson et al., Duration any BF: ↔ Dodgson et al., ↔ 2007 2007     Tenfelde et al., Prepregnancy 2011 overweight/obese ↓↓ Tenfelde et al., BF cessation: ↓↓     2012 Ziol-Guest and BF 4 months, Ziol-Guest and Reference: white Hernandez, 2010 Reference: white Hernandez, 2010 Non-Hispanic black: ↓↓ Non-Hispanic black: ↓↓ Hispanic: ↓↓ Hispanic: ↔ Non-Hispanic other: ↓↓ Non-Hispanic other: ↓↓ continued
From page 542...
... 542 REVIEW OF WIC FOOD PACKAGES TABLE S-1 Continued BF Initiation     Factor Associated with BF Study Association Jacobson et al., 2015 Reference: Non-Hispanic white Non-Hispanic black: ↓↓ Hispanic: ↑↑ American Indian: ↔ Asian/Pacific Islander: ↔ Ma and Magnus, 2012 Reference: white Black: ↓↓ Gross et al., 2009 Reference: Non-Hispanic African American Non-Hispanic white: ↔ Non-Hispanic other: ↑↑ Hispanic: ↑↑ Unknown: ↑↑ Evans et al., 2011 African American: ↓ White: ↑   Hispanic: ↑
From page 543...
... APPENDIX S 543 BF Duration   BF Exclusivity   Study Association Study Association Tenfelde et al., BF cessation, Mexican: ↓↓ 2012 Haughton et al., ↔ 2010 Langellier et al., BF 6 months ↔ Langellier et al., Exclusive BF 6 2012 2012 months, Reference: Hispanic BF 12 months ↔ Non-Hispanic white: ↑↑ BF 24 months ↔ Non-Hisapnic black: ↔ Other: ↔ Wojcicki et al., Early introduction to 2010 formula Reference: white Asian/Pacific Islander: ↑↑ Black/African American: ↔ Latino: ↔         continued
From page 544...
... 544 REVIEW OF WIC FOOD PACKAGES TABLE S-1 Continued BF Initiation     Factor Associated with BF Study Association Region of the United States Ziol-Guest and Reference: East Hernandez, 2010 Midwest: ↔ South: ↔   West: ↑↑ Stress factors at home Ma and Magnus, 2012 Number of stress factors at 12 months before baby was born ↑↑ Time in the United States     Trimester medical care Jacobson et al., 2015 Reference: 1st trimester began 2nd trimester: ↔ 3rd trimester urban: ↓↓ 3rd trimester rural: ↔ No medical care: ↔ Ma and Magnus, 2012 Prenatal care in 1st trimester: ↓ Trimester WIC entry Ziol-Guest and Reference: No participation Hernandez, 2010 1st trimester: ↓↓ 2nd trimester: ↔ 3rd trimester: ↔ Jacobson et al., 2015 Reference: 1st trimester 2nd trimester urban: ↓↓ 2nd trimester rural: ↔ 3rd trimester urban: ↓↓ 3rd trimester rural: ↔ Postpartum urban: ↔
From page 545...
... APPENDIX S 545 BF Duration   BF Exclusivity   Study Association Study Association Ziol-Guest and BF 4 months, Ziol-Guest and Reference: East Hernandez, 2010 Reference: East Hernandez, 2010 Midwest: ↔ Midwest: ↔ South: ↔ South: ↔   West: ↑↑   West: ↑↑ Haughton et al., Years in the United     2010 States ↓↓         Ziol-Guest and Reference: No Ziol-Guest and Reference: No Hernandez, 2010 participation Hernandez, 2010 participation 1st trimester: ↓↓ 1st trimester: ↔ 2nd trimester: ↔ 2nd trimester: ↔ 3rd trimester: ↔ 3rd trimester: ↔ Tenfelde et al., 1st trimester entry: 2011 ↑↑ Langellier et al., BF 6 months: ↔ Langellier et al., ↔ 2012 2012 BF 12 months: ↔ BF 24 months: ↔ continued
From page 546...
... postpartum: ↔ 1st trimester vs. postpartum: ↔ 1 or more previous live births Prenatal vs.
From page 547...
... third: BF 3 months: ↑↑ BF 6 months: ↑↑ BF 12 months: ↔ First vs. second: BF 3 months: ↓↓ BF 6 months: ↔ BF 12 months: ↑↑ Prenatal vs.
From page 548...
... , or exclusivity in unadjusted/crude analysis; ↔ no significant association; ↓ Factor was significantly associated with lower BF initiation, shorter duration (continuous or categorical outcomes) , or shorter exclusivity in unadjusted/crude analysis; ↓↓ Factor was significantly associated with lower BF initiation, longer duration (continuous or categorical outcomes)
From page 549...
... APPENDIX S 549 BF Duration   BF Exclusivity   Study Association Study Association Prenatal vs. post-partum BF 3 months: ↑↑ BF 6 months: ↑↑ BF 12 months: ↑↑        
From page 550...
... 2012. Social and institutional factors that affect breastfeeding duration among WIC participants in Los Angeles County, California.
From page 551...
... 2015. Maternal WIC participation improves breastfeeding rates: A statewide analysis of WIC participants.


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