Assessing Health Outcomes Among Veterans of Project SHAD (Shipboard Hazard and Defense) (2016) / Chapter Skim
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2 Background
2 Background
Pages 19-40
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It presents summary information about the tests and discusses a few in greater detail to illustrate some of the variation among them. It provides a brief review of studies of the health of SHAD veterans, including the design and findings of SHAD I, the previous Institute of Medicine (IOM)
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Table 2-1 provides a list of the designations and features of the SHAD tests. The first SHAD test began in January of 1963, and the final SHAD test using active agents or simulants was conducted in 1969.
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of Participating Units Agent or Protective Gear/ Test Date Trials Location (# trials) Simulant Useda Decontamination Purpose Eager Belle I Jan, Mar 1963 19 Pacific Ocean, USS George Eastman Bacillus globigii Test effectiveness of face (Test 63-1)
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operational ship under three land, Canada conditions of readiness; compare travel of a biological cloud with diffusion model predictions; effectiveness of BPL; operational feasibility of deck washdown system; performance of spray tank system High Low Jan-Feb 1965 33 Pacific Ocean, USS Berkeley Methyl acetoacetate Protective masks Using a simulant, (Test 65-13) off the coast USS Fechteler (MAA)
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against gaseous chemical warfare agents; evaluate the impact of protective masks on crew efficiency Scarlet Sage Feb-Mar 1966 19 Pacific Ocean, USS Herbert J Bacillus globigii Water washdown Evaluate the effectiveness (Test 66-6)
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Simulant Useda Decontamination Purpose Half Note Aug-Sep 1966 ≥27 Pacific Ocean, USS George Eastman Escherichia coli Calcium Determine decay rates of (Test 66-13) south- 5 Army tugs (EC)
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spray attack on troops USMC VMA-324, wearing protective clothing MAG-32 and on contamination of troops, ships, and equipment NOTES: The USS Granville S Hall was present during the following SHAD tests as an escort ship or to provide laboratory facilities for analysis of samples collected during SHAD tests: Eager Belle II, Autumn Gold, Flower Drum I, Shady Grove, Big Tom, Fearless Johnny, Folded Arrow, Half Note, Speckled Start, and Test 69-32.
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. The first phase of the investigation focused on gathering information about the SHAD tests designated Autumn Gold, Shady Grove, and Copper Head.
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. The investigation into SHAD tests also led to the identification and documentation of land-based tests that were part of the broader Project 112 testing program.
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Among the vessels used in the SHAD tests were five light tugboats previously under Army command that were transferred to the Navy. The tests using active biological agents involved selected personnel designated as Project SHAD Technical Staff (PSTS)
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FIGURE 2-1 Project SHAD timeline, 1963-1969.
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Autumn Gold was conducted in three phases of three trials each, to test the effect of material readiness conditions of Yoke, Zebra, and Zebra Circle William (DoD, 2004) .9 The participating ships were the USS Navarro, the USS Tioga County, the USS Carpenter, and the USS Hoel.
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5) The test ships for Shady Grove were five light tugs (LTs)
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. The increased risk was observed only in those SHAD veterans who were exposed to simulants, not in those potentially exposed to active chemical or biological agents.
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Completed in 2007, the IOM's SHAD I study compared the morbidity and mortality experience of SHAD veterans with that of a population of crew members of ships selected to match the ships that had participated in each SHAD test.11 This approach to the selection of a comparison population was used to attempt to ensure that members of the study population had service at sea (or in a similar Marine unit) at a similar time and in a similar geographic area, making inclusion in the SHAD tests a principal point of difference.
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These questions requested additional information or clarification on the personnel who were included or excluded in the analysis, the availability of information on health outcomes for some SHAD participants, the potential impact of duty assignments on exposures of SHAD participants, and characterizations of the SHAD tests. In August 2008, IOM staff responded to these questions with comments and supplemental analyses (IOM, 2008)
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Even the men who served as part of the Project SHAD Technical Staff on the light tugs, the USS Granville S Hall, or the USS George Eastman were not given information about the purpose, operational details, or results of a test beyond what they needed to carry out their specific tasks.
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The regular crew members of the ships involved in the testing and the Marines in participating units reported no options regarding participation, including in particular those who were identified to provide gargle samples or run sampling stations. Uninformed VA Staff Veterans expressed to the committee and the IOM staff their ongoing frustration with the lack of knowledge about the SHAD tests in the VA health care system.
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Members of the PSTS had a unique experience within the SHAD tests, and they have a special set of concerns. These men participated in tests that used not only simulants and related test substances but also active biological agents.
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Redacted excerpts. Fort Douglas, UT: Deseret Test Center.
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Washington, DC: Veterans Health Administration, Department of Veterans Affairs.
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