Using Graywater and Stormwater to Enhance Local Water Supplies An Assessment of Risks, Costs, and Benefits (2016) / Chapter Skim
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4 Quality of Graywater and Stormwater
4 Quality of Graywater and Stormwater
Pages 62-76
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From page 62... ...
Table 4-1 also includes water quality and strategies to reduce the concentrations of harmful con- data from kitchen sources, which show high levels of solids, taminants by source control and treatment. organic matter, and indicator organisms, demonstrating why This chapter describes what is known about the quality kitchen water sources are typically excluded from graywater of graywater and stormwater sources, and issues that water collection systems.
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From page 63... ...
Perhaps more importantly, the absence of indi- Other pollutants present in graywater include xenobicator microorganisms does not necessarily mean an absence otic organic chemicals, consisting of personal care products of pathogenic microorganisms, because many pathogens are and household chemicals, although only a limited number of more persistent than the indicator microorganisms. Microor- studies have comprehensively investigated the occurrence of ganisms capable of causing skin infections, such as Staphy- these chemicals in graywater sources (Donner et al., 2010; lococcus aureus and Pseudomonas aeruginosa, may also be Eriksson et al., 2002)
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From page 64... ...
. TABLE 4-3 Maximum Concentrations of Trace Organic Chemicals Reported in European Graywater and Municipal Wastewater Effluents Chemical Class Graywater (µg/L)
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From page 65... ...
Greater than one-than source areas. Primary contaminants of concern for beneficial half of the National Stormwater Quality Database observauses include metals, organic chemicals (including herbicides, tions exceed the recommended guidance for TSS, and the industrial chemicals, and petroleum-derived chemicals)
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From page 66... ...
(2015) ; National Stormwater Quality Database, version 4 (March 17, 2015, updates; see http://www.bmpdata base.org/nsqd.html)
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From page 67... ...
reviewed the literature on the microbiological quality of roof runoff. Most of the studies Metals in stormwater are most commonly detected focused on indicator organisms, and many of the results are when source areas include industrial storage areas, highreported as presence or absence of the organisms, rather than ways, streets, and parking areas.
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From page 68... ...
. A recent study of stormwater herbicides percent of recent lead observations exceeded the drinking wa- and insecticides conducted by the Montana Department of ter MCL (National Stormwater Quality Database, version 4)
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From page 69... ...
Zinc Galvanized materials, including zinc-based roofing materials and drainage systems, are the largest sources of zinc in stormwater runoff. Runoff from roofs with galvanized steel components, such as roofing sheets, flashing, or gutters, can exceed 10,000 µg/L (Table 4-1-1)
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From page 70... ...
SOURCE: National Stormwater Quality Database, version 4, updated March 17, 2015 (http://www.bmpdatabase.org/nsqd.html)
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From page 71... ...
phthalate 669 51 0.024 1.2 41 1.8 Butylbenzyl phthalate 623 14 0.018 0.59 10 215 Diethyl phthalate 619 23 0.024 0.67 10 4,332 Dimethyl phthalate 623 11 0.021 0.5 13 96,386 Di-n-Butyl phthalate 623 15 0.023 0.5 10 455 NOTE: Only compounds having greater than 10 percent detection frequencies of concentrations within the reporting range limits are shown. The proposed drinking water limits shown are the state's human health water quality criteria as contained in the proposed amendments to the Water Quality Standards for Toxicants as published in September 2014.
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From page 72... ...
condensers are commonly constructed of trends can be observed among various land use types. Nacopper and as such can be a source of copper in runoff when tional Stormwater Quality Database outfall data (see Table located on rooftop areas.
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From page 73... ...
Materials Management for Source Control Galvanized materials are also not advised for roof run off capture and storage because of the substantial zinc releas Where stormwater is captured for subsequent beneficial es. Storage tanks and other components made from concrete, use, an important element of source control is the manage- high-density polyethylene, and vinyl materials can instead ment of roofing, drainage, and tank materials, particularly in be used in stormwater capture systems without elevated metnew construction.
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From page 74... ...
Lot Hwys Lot Hwys C D Roof Parking Driveway Lawn Streets/ Roof Parking Driveway Lawn Streets/ Lot Hwys Lot Hwys FIGURE 4-2 Box and whisker plots of: (a) total suspended solids (TSS)
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From page 75... ...
CONCLUSIONS Stormwater quality is highly variable over space and time and might contain elevated levels of microorgan The quality of graywater and stormwater determines isms, metals, organic chemicals, and sediments, potentheir potential uses without treatment, but many additional tially necessitating treatment to facilitate various benapplications are possible with treatment. Chapter 5 discusses eficial uses.
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From page 76... ...
roofs have the highest quality runoff of the various source Little is known regarding the occurrence of human areas, but there are many exceptions. Copper and galvanized pathogens and organic chemicals in stormwater, and ad- metals in roofing, piping, and stormwater capture tanks can ditional research is needed to characterize their occur- create hazardous levels of lead, zinc, and copper in roof runrence and fate.
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