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1 Introduction
Pages 9-25

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From page 9...
... Climate change is anticipated to further impact water water conservation, energy savings, and reduced impacts of supplies by altering the timing and amounts of precipita- urban development on the environment. Even in the more tion, increasing evapotranspiration, and altering snowmelt humid areas of the United States, stormwater capture and use and the timing of runoff in the western states (Barnett and are growing in popularity as a means to enhance water supPennell, 2004)
From page 10...
... next 20 years (based on utility projections) may accommo- formed a committee to conduct a study on the risks, costs, date future population growth but are not likely to signifi- and benefits of stormwater and graywater use to augment cantly reduce the present demand for imported water (Luthy and conserve existing water supplies.
From page 11...
... Urbanization results in an increase in the amount of trient management, reduced hydromodification, and energy land covered with impervious surfaces, resulting in a greater savings associated with locally sourced water supplies. Alpercentage of precipitation appearing as stormwater runoff.
From page 12...
... . water runoff also contributes substantial loads of nitrogen, California's State Water Resources Control Board has am- phosphorus, and sediment, which can cause algal blooms, bitious goals for increasing stormwater capture and use by low dissolved oxygen, and reduced water clarity and signifian additional 500,000 AF/yr (620 million m3/yr)
From page 13...
... (877 million m3/yr) FIGURE 1-4 Current plans for diversifying Los Angeles' water supplies by 2035 through increased use of local sources, including stormwater capture.
From page 14...
... , such polluting the surface waters with pathogens, organic matter, that stormwater runoff drains into sewers and passes through and nutrients. Improved stormwater capture and use provide the wastewater treatment plant (Figure 1-6)
From page 15...
... To avoid costly infrastructure replacement to meet water quality standards, these cities are increasingly turning to intensive stormwater management strategies, including stormwater capture and use.
From page 16...
... . Los Angeles County's Department of Public Stormwater runoff in urban areas is characterized by Works alone operates 27 spreading basins to enhance local increased volumes of runoff and more intense peak flows water supplies.3 compared to the more natural state.
From page 17...
... Paul issued a guide to stormwater capture and use with the dual goals of reduc ing potable water demands that would otherwise require costly treatment plant upgrades and decreasing the pollution loads associated with stormwater discharges (Metropolitan Council, 2011)
From page 18...
... . For example, low-impact development projects, including green Extending the Capacity of Existing Infrastructure roofs and enhanced stormwater capture and infiltration, help manage the quantity and quality of stormwater runoff and bet- America's urban water infrastructure was largely develter mimic the undeveloped landscape.
From page 19...
... SOURCE: http://www.wrd.org/engineering/groundwater-replenishment-spreading-grounds.php. Alternative water supplies, such as stormwater and gray- In dense urban areas, population growth and rising real water, can provide a means to prolong the life of existing in- estate prices often spur even denser use and taller buildings.
From page 20...
... . Properties can generate SRCs by building, Stormwater operating, and maintaining green infrastructure that reduces stormwater runoff, including stormwater capture and use Historically stormwater management meant flood consystems.
From page 21...
... . The and greater extent of impervious surfaces in urban areas, the heightened interest in graywater reuse is also documented by Texas Water Development Board is assessing stormwater an increase in the number of national conferences and workrunoff to augment water supplies.
From page 22...
... To meet future water demands amidst such as stormwater and graywater, as well as the supply of challenges from aging infrastructure, population growth and graywater available for reuse. Graywater relies upon the reredistribution, and climate change, an array of water supply use of laundry, sink, and shower water, and additional imand conservation alternatives and innovative water manage- provements in water efficiency in these applications, such ment strategies will be necessary.
From page 23...
... . At a household level, substantial improvements in out- Despite several drivers supporting increased use of local door water use efficiency are possible through the use of alternative water supplies to address water demands, many native landscaping, but once high-efficiency appliances and questions remain that have limited the broader application plumbing fixtures are installed, indoor water use is unlikely of graywater and stormwater capture and use.
From page 24...
... This study builds methods of treatment and storage for stormwater capon previous work of the Academies to assess the augmenta- ture and graywater reuse for various end uses? What tion of urban water supplies by desalination (NRC, 2008a)
From page 25...
... .10 In light of this report's focus on the potential water supply contributions of graywater and stormwater projects, the report's stormwater components focus on stormwater capture and infiltration efforts that have intentional or inadvertent water supply benefits. A full discussion of stormwater management strategies, including those designed primarily for water quality benefits, are described in NRC (2009a)


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