Using Graywater and Stormwater to Enhance Local Water Supplies An Assessment of Risks, Costs, and Benefits (2016) / Chapter Skim
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Both can offer on-site alternative use across a range of uses and scales. water supplies to a household or building, although storm- Graywater and stormwater capture and use can expand water can be captured and used at neighborhood and regional local water availability while providing additional financial, scales and graywater can be reused in neighborhoods and environmental, and social benefits, such as reduced walarge multi-residential developments.
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There is no single best way to use graywater or storm- narios considered medium-density residential development water to address local water needs because project drivers using graywater or stormwater for conservation irrigation of and objectives, legal and regulatory constraints, potential turfgrass, toilet flushing, or both. applications, local site and climatic conditions, source water Water savings from stormwater capture and use are availability, and project scales all vary widely.
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Angeles, average stormwater runoff from medium-density residential developments, if captured and stored, would be WATER QUALITY roughly sufficient to meet indoor residential water needs in those areas. Understanding the potential applications of graywater and Graywater reuse offers the potential for substantial stormwater as on-site water supplies and associated treatment potable water savings and could provide a reliable source needs requires a clear understanding of source water quality.
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Available risk as- cally contain elevated contaminant levels sufficient to impair sessments and the committee's risk calculations using lim- reproduction among some aquatic species, often leading to ited, observed pathogen data and various possible exposure a habitat dominated by pollution-tolerant organisms. Such scenarios suggest that disinfection is necessary for many ecological affects may be acceptable, considering the overall uses of graywater, including spray irrigation, food crop ir- environmental benefits provided by such features, including rigation, and toilet flushing, to protect human health.
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rigation where human exposures are minimal. For beneficial Graywater reuse for toilet flushing requires plumb- uses of roof runoff with low to moderate exposures, addiing components and treatment systems that are most tional pathogen data and risk analyses are needed to estabappropriate in multi-residential buildings or neighbor- lish a consistent state of practice for on-site stormwater use.
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For example, considering the committee's scenario analysis of potential water savings in As technologies and strategies continue to advance, graymedium-density residential development, simple laundry- water and stormwater use is being incorporated into law in a to-landscape graywater systems can offer payback periods variety of respects at the federal, state, and local levels. Howas low as 2.5-6 years (not accounting for the cost of labor)
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Understand behavioral impacts on overall water use in the context of graywater and stormwater projects 11. Collect performance data (including cost, energy, water savings, water quality, and other benefits)
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fully informed decisions on appropriate and cost-effective designs, particularly for larger or more complex graywater or A summary of research needs to enhance decision makstormwater beneficial use systems, including ing and ensure the safe and reliable use of graywater and stormwater to reduce water demand is provided in Box S-2. • Fit-for-purpose water quality objectives that are protec tive of public health;
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