Speech and Language Disorders in Children Implications for the Social Security Administration's Supplemental Security Income Program (2016) / Chapter Skim
Currently Skimming:
2 Childhood Speech and Language Disorders in the General U.S. Population
2 Childhood Speech and Language Disorders in the General U.S. Population
Pages 43-80
The Chapter Skim interface presents what we've algorithmically identified as the most significant single chunk of text within every page in the chapter.
Select key terms on the right to highlight them within pages of the chapter.
From page 43... ...
. OVERVIEW OF CHILDHOOD SPEECH AND LANGUAGE DISORDERS Differentiating Language from Speech The words "language" and "speech" are often used interchangeably in casual conversation, but in the context of communication disorders, it is important to understand the differences between them.
|
From page 44... ...
For example, a child might have a speech disorder, such as extremely poor articulation, yet have intact language skills. Another child might have a language disorder, such as extremely poor comprehension, yet be able to produce speech sounds normally.
|
From page 45... ...
In the first few months of life, infants show improvement in their ability to recognize increasingly detailed patterns of speech, a precursor to linking spoken words with their meanings. Also in the first months of life, infants begin to use their oral mechanisms to produce nonspeech sounds, such as cooing and squealing, as they develop control of their muscles and movements.
|
From page 46... ...
characteristics of words, for example, enables children to identify words that rhyme or words that begin or end with the same speech sound. Such phonological awareness skills have been linked to children's ability to learn that speech sounds can be represented by printed letters -- one of the skills necessary for learning to read words (Troia, 2013)
|
From page 47... ...
The speech variations produced by speakers of different dialects and non-native speakers of English are not defined as speech disorders unless they significantly impede communication or educational achievement. Speech sound disorders, often termed articulation or phonological disorders, are deficits in the production of individual speech sounds, or sequences of speech sounds, caused by inadequate planning, control, or coordination of the structures of the oral mechanism.
|
From page 48... ...
Language may also refer to the ability to interpret and produce manual communication, such as American Sign Language. Language disorders interfere with a child's ability to understand the code, to produce the code, or both (American Psychiatric Association, 2013; WHO, 1992)
|
From page 49... ...
. For this reason, children with a history of language disorders as preschoolers are monitored closely when they enter elementary school, so that services can be provided to those whose language disorders adversely affect literacy, learning, and academic achievement.
|
From page 50... ...
• xcessive disruptions (repetitions, breakdowns) of the forward flow of E speech • ause usually unknown; in some cases, onset coincides with neuro C logical condition Language Disorders Expressive Language Disorder • mpaired ability to formulate ideas and messages using words and I sentences • ause may be known neurological condition or unknown C Receptive Language Disorder • mpaired ability to understand messages encoded in words and I sentences • ause may be known neurological condition or unknown C Expressive-Receptive Language Disorder • ombination of deficits in understanding and producing messages C • ause may be known neurological condition or unknown C
|
From page 51... ...
Accordingly, conditions as varied as Down syndrome, fragile X syndrome, autism spectrum disorder, traumatic brain injury, and being deaf or hard of hearing are known to increase the potential for childhood speech and/or language disorders, and many children with such conditions will also have speech and language disorders. In addition, studies of children with primary speech and language disorders often reveal that they have abnormalities in other areas of development.
|
From page 52... ...
Deficits can range from mild to severe. In clinical practice, scores that fall more than two but less than three standard deviations below the mean are described as severely or extremely low; only 2.14 percent of children would be expected to score this poorly.
|
From page 53... ...
Another 22 children (shown in light green) are expected to score more than two but less than three standard deviations below the mean.
|
From page 54... ...
For example, a child with a speech sound disorder may be able to articulate a single word reasonably clearly on a norm-referenced speech test, but be incapable of coordinating the many events necessary to produce an intelligible sentence in fast-paced, dynamic conversation. Similarly, a child with an expressive language disorder may be able to produce single words and short phrases successfully elicited by a norm-referenced test, but be incapable of producing grammatical sentences, much less stories that include them.
|
From page 55... ...
. Because adequate hearing is critically important for developing and using receptive language, expressive language, and speech, being deaf or hard of hearing can lead to speech and language disorders, which in turn contribute to socioemotional and academic disabilities.
|
From page 56... ...
(e.g., Schreiber et al., 2014) Impact on Central Hearing Landau-Kleffner Syndrome (acquired epileptic aphasia)
|
From page 57... ...
Apart from being deaf or hard of hearing, there are a diverse set of conditions that should be considered as other potential causes of speech and language disorders, as summarized in Box 2-2. As is the case with hearing, abnormal development of anatomic structures critical to the proper generation of speech may lead to speech sound disorders or voice disorders.
|
From page 58... ...
Risk Factors Associated with Speech and Language Disorders with No Known Cause In addition to the etiologies described above, a number of variables have been associated with an increased risk of childhood speech and/or language disorders with no known cause. Findings in this literature are somewhat inconsistent (Harrison and McLeod, 2010; Nelson et al., 2006)
|
From page 59... ...
for some speech and language disorders, such as specific language impairment, have been inconsistent (Bishop and Hayiou-Thomas, 2008)
|
From page 60... ...
found that 10 percent of children -- four times the expected 2.5 percent -- had severe delays, scoring two or more standard deviations below the mean on a norm-referenced
|
From page 61... ...
. Children exposed to such factors in the womb are at increased risk for developing a disability such as specific language
|
From page 62... ...
First, because the characteristics of these disorders differ with age, the diagnostic tools by which they are identified necessarily vary in format, ranging from simple parental reports at the earliest ages to formal standardized testing at later ages. Second, because these disorders can vary in scope -- from problems with relatively discrete skills (e.g., producing individual speech sounds)
|
From page 63... ...
To date, evidence from several studies (e.g., Lewis et al., 2015; Pennington and Bishop, 2009; Skebo et al., 2013) suggests that in comparison with their unaffected peers, children with speech sound disorders but normal-range language skills may have somewhat lower reading scores than their peers, but they rarely meet eligibility criteria for a reading disability (Skebo et al., 2013)
|
From page 64... ...
. Language Disorders As with speech disorders, estimates of the prevalence of language disorders vary across studies by age, the presence of other neurodevelopmental disorders, and the diagnostic criteria employed.
|
From page 65... ...
Using 1.25 standard deviations below the mean as the criterion, there were slightly higher rates of specific language impairment among African American and Native American children relative to white and Hispanic children. Only 29 percent of the parents of the kindergarteners diagnosed with specific language impairment reported having been informed that their children had speech or language problems.
|
From page 66... ...
Tomblin Specific language –1.25 standard deviations (SD)
|
From page 67... ...
. While specific language impairments (i.e., those not associated with other diagnosable neurodevelopmental disorders)
|
From page 68... ...
The association between language impairment and reading disorders has been demonstrated in studies examining the likelihood that family members of subjects with language impairment are at increased risk for reading
|
From page 69... ...
It is therefore important both to carefully examine the speech and language skills of children with other developmental disorders and to identify other neurodevelopmental disorders among children presenting with speech and language impairment. Among populations of children with conditions as diverse as autism spectrum disorder, attention deficit hyperactivity disorder, traumatic brain injury, and genetic disorders, speech and language disorders may be the most easily
|
From page 70... ...
Prevalence estimates vary accord ing to age and the diagnostic criteria employed, but best evidence suggests that approximately 2 percent of children have speech and/or language disorders that are severe according to clinical standards.
|
From page 71... ...
2007. Heritable risk factors associated with language impairments.
|
From page 72... ...
2006. What causes specific language impairment in children?
|
From page 73... ...
1999. Motor speech disorders in children: Definitions, back ground, and a theoretical framework.
|
From page 74... ...
2003. Specific language impairment in families: Evidence for co-occurrence with reading impairments. Journal of Speech, Language, and Hearing Research 46(3)
|
From page 75... ...
2010. Risk and protective factors associated with speech and language impairment in a nationally representative sample of 4- to 5-year-old children.
|
From page 76... ...
2015. Adolescent outcomes of children with early speech sound disorders with and with out language impairment.
|
From page 77... ...
2014. Specific language impairment: A convenient label for whom?
|
From page 78... ...
2014. Increased prevalence of sex chromosome aneuploidies in specific language impairment and dyslexia.
|
From page 79... ...
1997a. Epidemiology of specific language impairment: Prenatal and perinatal risk factors.
|
From page 80... ...
2014. Prenatal, perinatal, and neonatal risk factors for specific language impairment: A prospective pregnancy cohort study.
|
Key Terms
This material may be derived from roughly machine-read images, and so is provided only to facilitate research.
More
information on Chapter Skim is available.