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Refinements to the Methods for Developing Spacecraft Exposure Guidelines (2016) / Chapter Skim
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Summary
Pages 3-6

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From page 3...
... In response to the request, the Academies convened the Committee on Spacecraft Exposure Guidelines, which held two public meetings to get background on the original methods and to gather other relevant information. The committee has focused on identifying refinements that could be made to NASA's existing procedures that would bring them more in line with advances that have been made in risk assessment.
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From page 4...
... To establish exposure guidelines, NASA conducts hazard assessments on individual contaminants. The hazard assessment process includes evaluating the scientific literature over a broad range of information, including the physical and chemical characteristics of the contaminant, in vitro toxicity studies, toxicokinetic studies, animal toxicity studies conducted over a range of exposure durations, carcinogenicity bioassays, human clinical and epidemiologic studies, and mechanistic studies.
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From page 5...
... The point of departure is subsequently adjusted by uncertainty factors to account for uncertainties associated with the data. For noncancer end points, NASA has considered the traditional set of uncertainty factors used in risk assessment, as well as "spaceflight factors" to account for additional uncertainties associated with the physical, physiological, and psychological changes that occur in microgravity.
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From page 6...
... The main differences are the specific mix of parameters considered and the extent to which explicit or implicit judgments come together to produce reliable results. The committee concluded that the output of most prioritization schemes is so uncertain that they are only useful in making preliminary screening assessments or classifications and should not be used for sorting contaminants in a specific order.
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Key Terms

  • spaceflight factors
  • spaceflight factor
  • deriving smacs
  • developing smacs
  • crew performance

  • additional spaceflight
  • spaceflight considerations
  • continuous exposure
  • additional health
  • chemical exposure

  • exposure durations
  • six spaceflight
  • exposure levels
  • determine exposure
  • special spaceflight

  • health risk
  • establish exposure
  • water exposure
  • gency situations
  • establishing smacs

  • contaminants onboard
  • mental contaminants
  • human equivalent
  • hepatic effects
  • human clinical

  • ing refinements
  • allow quantification
  • critical health
  • key decision
  • allowable concentrations


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