Fostering Integrity in Research (2017) / Chapter Skim
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Integrity in research means that the organizations in which research is conducted encourage those involved to exemplify these values in every step of the research process: planning, proposing, performing, and reporting their work; reviewing proposals and work by others; training the next generation of researchers; and maintaining effective stewardship of the scholarly record. The research enterprise is a complex system that includes universities and other research institutions that educate, employ, and train researchers; the federal, foundation, and industrial sponsors of research; science, engineering, technology, and medical journal and book publishers; and scientific societies.
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Fields and disciplines may take on as a community the task of defining and upholding necessary standards in areas such as data sharing, or they may fail to do so and, in effect, tolerate detrimental research practices. Evidence accumulated over the past several decades, and particularly the past several years, provides strong support for the proposition that failing to define and respond strongly to research misconduct and detrimental research practices constitutes a significant threat to the research enterprise.
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BACKGROUND OF THE STUDY Several decades ago, prompted by a series of high-profile cases where data fabrication, falsification, and plagiarism were alleged and investigated, the U.S. research enterprise began to institute new approaches aimed at strengthening the capacity of researchers and research institutions to foster integrity and to address research misconduct.
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Detrimental research practices also should be understood to include irresponsible or abusive actions taken by research institutions and journals in addition to the actions of individual researchers. RECOMMENDATION ONE: In order to better align the realities of research with its values and ideals, all stakeholders in the research enterprise -- researchers, research institutions, research sponsors, journals, and societies -- should significantly improve and update their practices and policies to respond to the threats to research integrity identified in this report.
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Institutional leaders should also reiterate the importance of critical standards such as appropriate authorship practices, data sharing, and complete reporting of results. RECOMMENDATION THREE: Research institutions and federal agencies should work to ensure that good-faith whistleblowers are
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The RIAB will work with all stakeholders in the research enterprise -- researchers, research institutions, research sponsors and regulators, journals, and scientific societies -- to share expertise and approaches for addressing and minimizing research misconduct and detrimen tal research practices. The RIAB will also foster research integrity by stimulating efforts to assess research environments and to im prove practices and standards.
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Societies and journals should work expeditiously to develop such standards in disciplines that do not already have them. Authorship practices are a fundamental component of the research enterprise's operation, and observance of good practices is a key factor in ensuring research integrity.
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Research sponsors, research institutions, and journals should support and encourage this level of transparency. Today, several initiatives exist to encourage and promote reproducibility in research.
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Also, detrimental research practices are more widespread and may ultimately be more damaging to the research enterprise than research misconduct, which points to the need to address challenges to research integrity more broadly. In addition, trends in some indicators -- such as declining success rates for grant applications, and an increasing ratio of PhD production to available faculty positions -- raise the possibility that both local organizational environments and the broader structural arrangements of research are moving in directions that might threaten research integrity.
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policies, a good deal of research now takes place in other countries and across national boundaries. Given that research misconduct, detrimental research practices, and the need to foster research integrity are challenges facing all countries that fund and perform research, the global research enterprise will benefit from the knowledge gained from examining research practices globally.
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