Nondestructive Testing to Identify Delaminations Between HMA Layers, Volume 3 - Controlled Evaluation Reports (2013) / Chapter Skim
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66 This chapter was prepared by Halil Ceylan and Sunghwan Kim of Iowa State University. Background and Introduction The falling weight deflectometer (FWD)
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67 field-measured FWD deflections with ELP analysis results, and the investigation of FWD deflection time history. Research Approach 1: BISAR -- Analysis and Results To investigate the effect of the delamination condition on HMA pavement response, the BItumen STructures Analysis in ROads (BISAR)
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68 characterize delamination in conventional HMA pavements in terms of vertical deflections. Research Approach 2: NCAt FWD Data Analysis and Results Description of FWD Testing in NCAT Sections The description of the NCAT section obtained during Phase 2 of R06D is reproduced below.
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69 partial lane debonding condition included wheelpath and two 3-ft by 3-ft squared areas. Each test section is 12 ft wide (full paving width)
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70 Section 1 Section 2 Section 3 Section 4 Section 5 Section 6 Section 7 Section 8 Section 9 Section 10 Top 2-inch lift Full bond Full bond Full bond Partial No bond No bond Partial stripping Full bond Full bond Full bond Full bond Bottom 3-inch lift No bond Full Full bond Full bond Full bond Full bond Full bond Partial Stripping Partial No bond No bond Existing surface PCC PCC HMA HMA HMA HMA HMA HMA HMA HMA Section 1 – no bond between 5-inch HMA overlay and PCC pavement Section 2 – full bond between 5-inch HMA overlay and PCC pavement (control section) Section 3 – full bond between 5-inch HMA overlay and HMA pavement (control section 1 of 2)
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71 observed, which indicated that the FWD can produce consistent results for the same test materials. Figure 7.7 illustrates the pavement structure layout of NCAT Section 1, and Figure 7.8 presents FWD measurements of FWD Test 1 in NCAT Section 1.
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72 Figure 7.9. Pavement structure layout of NCAT Section 2 (not to scale)
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74 NCAT test sections investigated were HMA-overlaid pavement sections with high thicknesses and strong sublayers, variability in thickness and modulus of sublayers can mask the detection of delamination for these pavement systems (Nazarian et al.
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75 0 2 4 6 8 10 0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 FWD Sensor Spacing (inch)
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76 FWD Deflection plots at NCAt Section -2 0 2 4 6 8 10 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 Time (millisecond)
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77 0 5 10 15 20 25 0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 FWD Sensor Spacing (inch)
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78 0 5 10 15 20 25 0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 FWD Sensor Spacing (inch)
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79 0 5 10 15 20 25 0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 FWD Sensor Spacing (inch)
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85 Deflection Basin parameters of FWD Measurements at NCAt test Sections AREA: The AREA shape parameter defines the stiffness of the pavement structure as a shape factor. It is the area under the deflection basin curve (normalized with respect to D0)
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86 0 2 4 6 8 10 Test I.D. AU PP OWP IWP 1_ de lam 2_ de lam 3_ no de lam 4_ no de lam 5_ no de lam 6_ de lam _n o d ela m 7_ de lam _n o d ela m 8_ de lam 9_ de lam 10 _s trip 11 _n o d ela m 12 _s trip 13 _s trip 14 _d ela m 15 _d ela m 16 _d ela m 17 _d ela m Figure 7.36.
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87 0.0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1.0 Test I.D. BC I, m ils OWP IWP 1_ de lam 2_ de lam 3_ no de lam 4_ no de lam 5_ no de lam 6_ de lam _n o d ela m 7_ de lam _n o d ela m 8_ de lam 9_ de lam 10 _s trip 11 _n o d ela m 12 _s trip 13 _s trip 14 _d ela m 15 _d ela m 16 _d ela m 17 _d ela m Figure 7.39.
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88 Comparisons of BISAR Results with 9-Kips Loading Normalized FWD Measurements for FWD testing on NCAt test Sections: Deflection Basins 0 2 4 6 8 10 0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 FWD Sensor Spacing (inch)
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96 Comparisons of BISAR Results with Normalized 9-Kip Deflections for FWD Measurements for FWD testing on NCAt test Sections: time history Curves 0 2 4 6 8 10 0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 FWD Sensor Spacing (inch)
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135 • Temperature corrections need to be done for the FWD readings before performing the pavement layer backcalculation task. • For HMA overlaid pavements having complex construction history (e.g., NCAT test sections)
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