Illumination Guidelines for Nighttime Highway Work (2003) / Chapter Skim
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From page 9... ...
SECTION TWO: ILLUMINATION GUIDELINES FOR NIGHTTIME HIGHWAY WORK 2-3 CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION AND RESEARCH APPROACH INTRODUCTION The objective of this research effort was to develop illumination guidelines for nighttime highway work. Nighttime highway work operations are becoming more common because of the need to avoid daytime congestion and traffic delays.
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From page 10... ...
2-4 SECTION TWO: ILLUMINATION GUIDELINES FOR NIGHTTIME HIGHWAY WORK machines had sealed beam units, which were manufactured and installed at the factory. Relatively stationary work zones were usually supplemented by portable light plants, which were also used for general lighting of the area.
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From page 11... ...
however, in many cases, task illumination was not adequately emphasized. Factors that were observed to evaluate quality of light included uniformity, direction, diffusion, and direct and veiling glare.
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illumination requirements were identified. During the process of identification, only those factors that are related with outdoors and nighttime highway type situations were selected.
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mination level of the task and requires less additional light for adequate illumination. Atmospheric losses may have a significant effect upon the illuminance at the observer's eye level unless the viewing distance is short.
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the presence of drums in the visual field. Similarly, for loaders and pavers, detection of targets near the equipment is determined by its position.
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As indicated in the literature review, performance increases with the level of illumination until an optimum level. Beyond this point, further increases do not necessarily deteriorate performance.
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FACTORS INFLUENCING TASK ILLUMINATION REQUIREMENTS ENVIRONMENTAL FACTORS HUMAN FACTORS TASK-RELATED FACTORS LIGHTING FACTORS Age Visual Acuity Response Characteristics Experience & Familiarity Weather Conditions Fog / Dust Smoke Wet / Dry Surface Ambient glare & brightness Geometric Relationships Orientation Power of Lamps Gradient Uniformity EQUIPMENT ATTRIBUTES Speed Physical Characteristics Response Time TASK PHYSICAL ATTRIBUTES Type of Target Size of Target Appearance & Reflectance Location & Conspicuity Seeing Distance TASK QUALITATIVE ATTRIBUTES Importance of Task Accuracy Required Visual Difficulty Visual Fatigue BACKGROUND FACTORS Reflectivity of Surface Surface Brightness OPERATION ATTRIBUTES Type of Facility Facility Environment Traffic Control Location on Highway Figure 4. Summary of factors influencing task illumination requirements.
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these highways because the speed of vehicles is higher and drivers do not expect any interference. Facility environment includes the geographical area of the operation such as urban, semi-urban, or rural.
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1. Speed associated with the task, 2.
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possible movement. Hence, it has been substituted by a factor of speed in the list.
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2-14 SECTION TWO: ILLUMINATION GUIDELINES FOR NIGHTTIME HIGHWAY WORK CHAPTER 2 DEVELOPMENT OF ILLUMINATION REQUIREMENTS ILLUMINANCE LEVEL CATEGORIES The prime requirement for highway construction lighting is to facilitate the performance of construction-related visual tasks in the work zone through high-quality illumination. Correct lighting can enable the crew to observe and effectively control various equipment and processes in highway operations.
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SECTION TWO: ILLUMINATION GUIDELINES FOR NIGHTTIME HIGHWAY WORK 2-15 limit the number of categories or illuminance levels to three is attributed to the feasibility of attaining one or more levels in one operation. Category I is recommended for the general illumination in the work zone primarily from the safety point of view in the area where crew movement is expected or taking place.
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levels. The main statistical procedures used were (1)
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illumination categories for highway tasks. Table 8 shows the typical industrial tasks, their factor descriptions, and specified illumination requirements.
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Type of Equipment Working Speed, mph (km/h) Reaction Distance a, ft (m)
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SECTION TWO: ILLUMINATION GUIDELINES FOR NIGHTTIME HIGHWAY WORK 2-19 be most efficiently controlled by selecting an appropriate configuration and controlling the beam angle. Figure 5 illustrates the relevant geometry between light source and the observer.
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From page 26... ...
2-20 SECTION TWO: ILLUMINATION GUIDELINES FOR NIGHTTIME HIGHWAY WORK CHAPTER 3 FIELD DEMONSTRATION OF ILLUMINATION GUIDELINES INTRODUCTION This study has focused on the subject of lighting construction work zones during nighttime highway construction. The primary objectives have been to develop guidelines that can be used by the practitioner to safely and efficiently design and maintain work zone lighting systems.
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SECTION TWO: ILLUMINATION GUIDELINES FOR NIGHTTIME HIGHWAY WORK 2-21 the four flood lights. These glare control shades were easily attached with spring clips provided with the shades.
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Lighting Equipment Availability, Installation, and Cost. All of the additional luminaires added to the project were readily available from retail suppliers.
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SECTION TWO: ILLUMINATION GUIDELINES FOR NIGHTTIME HIGHWAY WORK 2-23 EQUIPMENT LIGHTING ADDITIONS MATERIALS AND LABOR COST Asphalt Paver -- Cedar Rapids 451 Added 1 ea. 100 w metal Halide Flood – Ruud No.
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From page 30... ...
the design process based on consultation with the FDOT field engineer and the contractor's field supervisors. Additionally, the lighted work area for the roller was set as an area 3.3 m by 6.1 m (11 ft by 20 ft)
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SECTION TWO: ILLUMINATION GUIDELINES FOR NIGHTTIME HIGHWAY WORK 2-25 CHAPTER 4 RECOMMENDED ILLUMINATION GUIDELINES INTRODUCTION This chapter presents a summary of the findings and recommended guidelines for illumination of nighttime highway work resulting from this study. The content of the guidelines includes recommended minimum illumination levels for different nighttime highway work tasks, glare control requirements, and implementation considerations.
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Average Maintained Illumination Description of Construction and Maintenance Task Category Target Level lux (fc) Recommended Illumination Areas for Typical Highway Construction Equipment Excavation – Regular, Lateral Ditch, Channel I 54 (5)
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joints must be cut in the pavement; the saw cutting crew may be left without adequate lighting.
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2-28 SECTION TWO: ILLUMINATION GUIDELINES FOR NIGHTTIME HIGHWAY WORK APPENDIX FOR SECTION TWO LIGHTING DESIGN FOR DEMONSTRATION ROLLERS Based on the design criteria, rollers were classified as a Category II with an average illuminance of 108 lx (10 fc) , a uniformity ratio of 101, and an illumination area of 17.7 m by 3.3 m (58′ × 11′)
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SECTION TWO: ILLUMINATION GUIDELINES FOR NIGHTTIME HIGHWAY WORK 2-29 Figure A-1. Recommended watts/m2 for different illumination levels.
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From page 36... ...
Assuming the work zone to be illuminated has an area of 56 m2 (600 sf) and a required illumination level of 108 lx (10 fc)
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