Use of Event Data Recorder (EDR) Technology for Highway Crash Data Analysis (2005) / Chapter Skim
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6 2. Existing and Potential EDR Data Elements The objective of this section is to present existing and potential EDR data elements which could support vehicle and roadside safety research and design.
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7 including passenger cars, light trucks, heavy trucks, and buses. ISO is developing a standard for crash pulse recorders.
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8 revolutions per minute, and brake status versus time for the five seconds preceding the time the airbag control module believes that a crash has begun, sometimes referred to as the time of algorithm enable. These data elements provide a record of the actions taken by the driver just prior to the crash.
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9 -40 -35 -30 -25 -20 -15 -10 -5 0 0 50 100 150 200 250 300 350 Time from Impact (milliseconds)
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10 Information, (4) Crash Pulse Parameters, and (5)
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11 Table 2-1. GM EDR Data Elements Parameter Type Parameter Data Type Values General Prior Deployment?
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12 2.2.2 Ford Motor Company The Ford EDR is called the Restraint Control Module (RCM)
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13 crash pulse is stored as acceleration versus time at one sample every 2 milliseconds. Up to 40 acceleration measurements along each axis can be stored for a total duration of 78 milliseconds.
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14 Figure 2-4. Ford Lateral Crash Pulse – acceleration and velocity vs.
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15 Table 2-3. Data Elements in Ford Power Control Modules with Electronic Throttle Control Data Element Description Vehicle Speed Accelerator Pedal (%)
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16 2.2.5 List of Existing Data Elements Recorded by OEMs in Production Vehicles Table 2-4 is a compilation of all the publicly disclosed data elements stored in a production passenger vehicle. As discussed in the previous sections, only General Motors and Ford have publicly released their production vehicle EDR formats.
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17 Parameter Type Data Element / Description GM FordNotes Side Airbag, Passenger, Time to Deployment (ms) x 1 Event Event Recording Complete x x 2 Event Counter x 3 Time between Events x 1, 4 General Frontal Airbag Warning Lamp Status x Diagnostic Codes Active When Event Occurred x EDR Model Version x Prior Deployment Flag x Ignition Cycles @ Event x Ignition Cycles @ Investigation x Note: 1.
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18 Table 2-5. Recording Capacity of OEM EDRs Recording Capacity GM Ford Crash Pulse Duration (milliseconds)
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19 AntiLocking Brake Module Engine Fuel Management Module Automated Traction Module Event Data Recorder Cruise Control Module OBD-II Diagnostic Connector Vehicle Data Bus Figure 2-5. OBD-II connector provides access to onboard vehicle computers Although a comprehensive list of the diagnostic parameters for each vehicle model is not publicly available, we theorized that we could infer which parameters were accessible by plugging a service diagnostic scan tool into a vehicle of interest.
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20 2.4 Heavy Truck EDR Data Elements The Technology and Maintenance Council (TMC) of the American Trucking Associations has proposed a recommended practice for Event Data Recorders in commercial trucks.
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21 2.5 EDR Standards Groups 2.5.1 The Need for an EDR Standard Current EDR designs were developed independently by each automaker to meet their own vehicle-specific needs. In current EDRs, there is no common format for EDR data.
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22 Data Interface (VEDI) recommended practice.
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23 Acceleration (G) – Lateral Acceleration Time Stamp Low Vehicle Traveling Speed Engine Revolutions (RPM)
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24 2.6 Government Regulatory Requirements On June 14, 2004, the U.S. National Highway Traffic Administration (NHTSA)
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25 Insurance Institute for Highway Safety, submitted lists of proposed data elements. These data elements included crash pulse, safety belt usage, airbag deployment status, vehicle identification number, and pre-crash information, e.g.
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26 Data Element Recording Time / Interval (relative to time of impact) in seconds Data Sample Rate (Samples per Second)
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27 Data Element Condition for Requirement Recording Time / Interval (relative to time of impact) in seconds Data Sample Rate (Samples per Second)
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28 Data Element Condition for Requirement Recording Time / Interval (relative to time of impact) in seconds Data Sample Rate (Samples per Second)
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29 2.7 Data Elements in Automated Crash Notification Systems Several automakers market or have marketed an optional Automated Crash Notification system for their vehicles. Examples include the General Motors OnStar system and the Ford Rescu system.
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30 2.8 Data Elements from Aftermarket Event Data Recorders Aftermarket EDRs are designed for retrofit to highway vehicles which either do not have an EDR or required extended monitoring capabilities. Commercial applications include monitoring of fleets, e.g.
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31 Manufacturer / Model Data Recorded Limits & Sampling Rates • Y-Axis Acceleration • Z-Axis Acceleration • Real time clock Siemens-VDO • Engine ignition information – time started & how long • Headlights on/off • Turn signals on/off • Brakes on/off • X-Axis Acceleration • Y-Axis Acceleration • Vehicle Speed • Vehicle Direction • Distance Traveled • Optional emergency vehicle functions (e.g. siren)
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32 2.9 Longer-term, Technically Feasible, Data Elements Several research studies are underway which are using or developing new sensor technologies which may appear in future EDRs. Examples of these advanced sensors include cell phone monitors and real time video of both the driver and the driver's view.
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33 systems. Table 2-14 lists the data elements that are stored in either the DARR (Andersson et al, 1997)
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34 Table 2-15. Existing and Potential EDR Elements by Source Data Parameter OEM EDR NHTSA NPRM SAE J1698 OBD-II TMC ACN After market Research EDR Longitudinal acceleration x x x x x Lateral acceleration x x x x x Acceleration time stamp x x Longitudinal Delta-V vs.
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35 Data Parameter OEM EDR NHTSA NPRM SAE J1698 OBD-II TMC ACN After market Research EDR Occupant Size Classification, Driver (Adult, Small Adult) x Occupant Size Classification, Passenger (Adult, nonAdult)
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36 Data Parameter OEM EDR NHTSA NPRM SAE J1698 OBD-II TMC ACN After market Research EDR Yaw Rate x x x Traction Control Status x x Vehicle Identification Number x Indicator Status - VEDI x Indicator Status - Tire Pressure Monitoring System x Indicator Status - Service Engine Lamp x Indicator Status - Door Ajar x Indicator Status - Ignition Off Device x Vehicle Mileage x x Hours in Operation x x x Crash Location (Latitude and Longitude) x x x Crash Date x x x x Crash Time x x x x x Temperature - Ambient Air x x Temperature - Cabin Air x Cruise Control System Status x x x Parking Brake Switch x Headlight Switch x x Front Wipers Switch x Hazard Lights Switch x Brake Status, Engine (on / off)
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37 Data Parameter OEM EDR NHTSA NPRM SAE J1698 OBD-II TMC ACN After market Research EDR Vehicle Direction / Heading x Distance Traveled x Siren Status (On / Off) x Cell Phone (On / Off)
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38 2.11 Conclusions The objective of the preceding analysis was to determine existing and potential EDR data elements. Table 2-16 groups these data elements into three categories based on their technical and economic feasibility: 1.
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39 Data Element / Description Current EDR Technology Near Term EDR Technology Future EDR Technology Frontal Airbag, Driver, Time 2nd Stage Deployment x Frontal Airbag, Driver, Time to 1st Stage Deployment x Frontal Airbag, Passenger, Time to 1st Stage Deployment x Frontal Airbag, Passenger, Time to 2nd Stage Deployment x Ignition Cycles @ Event x Ignition Cycles @ Investigation x Longitudinal acceleration x Lateral acceleration x Acceleration time stamp x Longitudinal Delta-V vs. time x Lateral Delta-V vs.
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40 Data Element / Description Current EDR Technology Near Term EDR Technology Future EDR Technology Hours in Operation x Indicator Status - Door Ajar x Indicator Status - Ignition Off Device x Indicator Status - Service Engine Lamp x Indicator Status - Tire Pressure Monitoring System x Indicator Status - VEDI x Normal Acceleration x Occupant Position, Driver, out of position x Occupant Position, Passenger out of position x Occupant Size Classification, Driver (Adult, Small Adult) x Parking Brake Switch x Seat Position, Passenger, Seat in Forward Seat Position x Stability control (on / off / engaged)
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41 2.12 References American Trucking Associations, Technology and Maintenance Council, Proposed RP 1214 (T) "Guidelines for Event Data Collection, Storage, and Retrieval" (2001)
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42 National Highway Traffic Administration, United States Department of Transportation, Event Data Recorders -- Request for Comments, 67 Fed.
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