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From page 26... ... 26 This section presents a consistent and systematic protocol to collect GSE operational and inventory data to satisfy emissions inventory input requirements identified in Chapter 3. Special attention is also given to safety and security measures and regulations specific to airports, statistical methods with which to calculate a sufficient sample size for data collection, and quality assurance checks and procedures necessary to ensure the collected data are appropriate for use. Read the entire page →
From page 27... ... GSE Data Collection Protocol 27 inventories/property lists is more straightforward. As for the remote sensing options evaluated in this research, they were determined to be not practicable at this time for most airport applications. Read the entire page →
From page 28... ... 28 Improving Ground Support Equipment Operational Data for Airport Emissions Modeling Other apron types also exist (e.g., maintenance, remote) ; however, terminal area and cargo aprons are suggested to be assigned priority in an inventory because they typically account for a majority share of aircraft GSE gate service events, and safety/logistical considerations may make some apron areas (e.g., deicing) Read the entire page →
From page 29... ... GSE Data Collection Protocol 29 In cases where budget, staffing resources, airport regulations or other considerations preclude three-person teams, the primary observer may also fulfill the responsibilities of controller. Responsibilities of the scribe should not deviate from those described as this may impact the consistent and reliable recording of operational data. Read the entire page →
From page 30... ... 30 Improving Ground Support Equipment Operational Data for Airport Emissions Modeling 1 2 2 n Z x d x r = σ   −α Equation 3 where x– = sample mean sx = sample standard deviation dr = defined level of uncertainty a = minimum acceptable confidence Z1 - a/2 = Z-score on the standard normal distribution table Transform DataYes Oponal Then No Evaluate Fleet Operations and Flight Schedules Are the Data Normally Distributed? Enough Samples Collected? Read the entire page →
From page 31... ... GSE Data Collection Protocol 31 Shown in Table 5, for instance, after 16 observations of a lavatory service truck servicing a narrow-body aircraft, an average running time of 05:29 minutes with a standard deviation of 01:54 minutes was computed. According to Equation 3, 21 samples are required to accept 20% uncertainty in the computed average running time. Read the entire page →
From page 32... ... 32 Improving Ground Support Equipment Operational Data for Airport Emissions Modeling 4.3.1.4 Field Resources Appendix B provides example apron survey data collection resources to be provided to field observers, such as the GSE Operating Time Observation Form shown as Figure 13. These resources are intended to facilitate logistics, ensure adherence to a HASSP, and familiarize the workers where necessary with the appearance of GSE and typical operations at an aircraft apron. Read the entire page →
From page 33... ... Figure 13. Airport GSE survey form. Read the entire page →
From page 34... ... 34 Improving Ground Support Equipment Operational Data for Airport Emissions Modeling • Equipment Data Plate Examples -- Illustrates to the user what an equipment data plate looks like in the event that any information therefrom can be gleaned from parked GSE in the assigned areas (e.g., horsepower, model year) Read the entire page →
From page 35... ... GSE Data Collection Protocol 35 approaches within a gate service event, such as baggage tractors, are suggested to be assigned start and stop times (HH:MM:SS) each time they leave and return through the boundary of the sampling domain. Read the entire page →
From page 36... ... 36 Improving Ground Support Equipment Operational Data for Airport Emissions Modeling 4.3.3 Remote Sensing As mentioned at the beginning of this section, the initial draft protocol included ideas for testing the efficacy and utility of remote sensing techniques in GSE field surveys. The techniques identified for testing in the research included thermal imaging (e.g., to determine if GSE power is on/off) Read the entire page →
From page 37... ... GSE Data Collection Protocol 37 (e.g., D = diesel, G = gasoline, L = LPG, C = CNG, and E = electric) , and all data under the fuel type variable are coded with only these letters, then the variable is considered clean. Read the entire page →
From page 38... ... 38 Improving Ground Support Equipment Operational Data for Airport Emissions Modeling 4.4.2 Missing Data Encountering missing data may happen for a number of reasons, including having limited access to information or missing values due to random processes. Randomly missing data can be (1) Read the entire page →
From page 39... ... GSE Data Collection Protocol 39 With respect to an airport GSE survey, the univariate case is suggested to be primarily considered because emissions calculations for each type of GSE is additive and some variables are independent of one another. Upon data collection, post-processing, and quality assurance screening, the potential for multivariate analysis can be additionally considered. Read the entire page →
From page 40... ... 40 Improving Ground Support Equipment Operational Data for Airport Emissions Modeling 4.5 Sampling Error and Bias Sampling error occurs when a value derived to represent a large population is estimated from a subset of the population; it is the difference between the estimated value and its true population value due to random selection. It can be estimated using statistical confidence intervals and probability values. Read the entire page →
From page 41... ... GSE Data Collection Protocol 41 For each data variable to be collected, the sampling error can be calculated using statistical software and tools. For instance, one could compute a 95% confidence interval for a set of normally distributed data and perform hypothesis testing on the data using a t-test. Read the entire page →

From page 26...

... 26 This section presents a consistent and systematic protocol to collect GSE operational and inventory data to satisfy emissions inventory input requirements identified in Chapter 3. Special attention is also given to safety and security measures and regulations specific to airports, statistical methods with which to calculate a sufficient sample size for data collection, and quality assurance checks and procedures necessary to ensure the collected data are appropriate for use.