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Pages 52-73

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From page 52...
... 52 In contrast to the much more extensive and costly security-related requirements necessary to protect large-sized transit agencies, the scope and extent of countermeasures warranted for small- and medium-sized agencies is correspondingly smaller. Basically the difference lies in the reduced infrastructure and critical asset footprint and operating characteristics of small- and medium-sized agencies.
From page 53...
... Security Countermeasures 53 Protecting People On Board Survey results for small- or medium-sized agencies indicate that the occurrence of crime, in particular violent crime, on board transit buses is an infrequent occurrence. Of the 172 total respondents, just under 85% reported no criminal activity whatsoever had occurred in the previous year period.
From page 54...
... 54 Policing and Security Practices for Small- and Medium-Sized Public Transit Systems On-Board Vehicle Countermeasures In contemplating the appropriate level of security needed to protect vehicle operators and passengers from violent offenses occurring on board a conveyance, small- and medium-sized agencies should first take into account the purpose and benefits of the various types of security countermeasures that are available. Security can be designed to prevent, deter, detect, mitigate, respond to, or recover from an incident.
From page 55...
... Security Countermeasures 55 and associates alike with on and off access readily available in case a hasty retreat is required. In summary, the openness of public transit systems makes them virtually unprotectable using modern security technology.
From page 56...
... 56 Policing and Security Practices for Small- and Medium-Sized Public Transit Systems However, in many cases, the offender is not making a rational decision in the first place when they commit a violent act. Offenders can be mentally disabled, emotionally wrought, under the influence of alcohol or drugs, or simply pathological, in which case security measures aimed at deterrence can have minimal if any impact.
From page 57...
... Security Countermeasures 57 Response Acvies Ease of Use Response Value Cost Intelligence Informaon Sharing Cooperaon Medium High -- Working as a team with local planners, law enforcement and first responders. Requires the designaon of a primary point of contact and dedicaon of significant me to maintain effecve liaison.
From page 58...
... 58 Policing and Security Practices for Small- and Medium-Sized Public Transit Systems Response Acvies Ease of Use Response Value Cost Surveillance without Police or Security Force Response Hard Low -- Event recording of incidents. Dollars -- High Time -- Medium Fire Suppression Equipment Easy Low -- Migang or controlling the impact of an event in progress.
From page 59...
... Security Countermeasures 59 Included in this category of on-board vehicle incidents would be incidents of nonviolent offensive touching or verbal assault. Black's Law Dictionary states, "an assault can be committed without actually touching, or striking or doing bodily harm, to the person of another." The dictionary defines assault as "any willful attempt or threat to inflict injury upon the person of another, when coupled with an apparent present ability so to do, and any intentional display of force such as would give the victim reason to fear or expect immediate bodily harm." Assault is sometimes confused with the crime of "battery" which is basically the use of illegal force -- intentional and wrongful physical contact with a person without his or her consent that entails some injury or offensive touching -- against another.
From page 60...
... 60 Policing and Security Practices for Small- and Medium-Sized Public Transit Systems typically either those involving public nuisance or public offense (drinking in public, drug violations, lewd or disorderly conduct) , or crimes against persons (petty thefts such as pickpocket or jewelry snatching, robbery, assault, or rape)
From page 61...
... Security Countermeasures 61 stops in its system. The assessment should facilitate the use of CPTED, taking into account the need for natural surveillance, clear lines of sight, lighting, landscaping, natural access control, use and ownership, signage, physical barriers, selection of materials, CCTV utilization, communications systems, and passenger amenities such as weather protection and seating.
From page 62...
... 62 Policing and Security Practices for Small- and Medium-Sized Public Transit Systems Vehicles and Conveyances Protecting vehicles consists of securing rolling stock while in transit and at rest. While there are infrequent occasions when larceny of a bus is reported, the main issue of security concern is vandalism.
From page 63...
... Security Countermeasures 63 Material Soluons Ease of Use Cost Sacrificial ply system, which is an inexpensive piece of plasc held to the window's interior side with two-sided tape, or is held in place by the window frame itself. These plies can be replaced quickly aer being vandalized.
From page 64...
... 64 Policing and Security Practices for Small- and Medium-Sized Public Transit Systems Floors Restrooms Engine compartments Below seats Luggage compartments Exhaust system Operator's area Lights Fuel tanks Steps Wheel wells Frame and underbody Table 7.7. Inspection points.
From page 65...
... Security Countermeasures 65 Figure 7.4. Layers of security (FTA Security Design Considerations, Rabkin et al.
From page 66...
... 66 Policing and Security Practices for Small- and Medium-Sized Public Transit Systems For nonpublic spaces, access control, perimeter security, intrusion detection systems, and other similar types of technology can be deployed to protect facilities from external losses. However, in transit buildings that are open to the public, during hours of operation, security personnel or possibly surveillance systems are the primary means of providing protection.
From page 67...
... Security Countermeasures 67 Public Corridors Equipment and Maintenance Spaces Mailrooms Lobbies and Waiting Areas Roofs Water Supply Air Intakes Fuel Storage Areas Utility Feeds Elevators General Office Space Dining Facilities Retail Areas Computer Rooms In addition, the following systems or sub-systems should be considered for protective measures: Mechanical Engineering Electrical Ventilation Fire Protection Communications Emergency Power Structural Lighting Entry Control Physical Security Electronic Security Information Technology Command and Control For most small- or medium-sized transit systems a "Level 1" (10 employees, 2,500 sq ft, and low volume of public contact) or infrequently "Level 2" (11 to 150 Federal employees, 2,500 sq ft– 80,000 sq ft, moderate volume of public contact, routine operations similar to private sector and/ or facility shared with private sector)
From page 68...
... 68 Policing and Security Practices for Small- and Medium-Sized Public Transit Systems Perimeter Security Level 1 Level 2 Parking ○ ○ Control of Facility Parking ○ ○ Control of Adjacent Parking ○ ○ Avoid Leases where Parking Cannot be Controlled ○ ○ Leases Should Provide Security Control for Adjacent Parking ○ ○ Post Signs and Arrange for Towing Unauthorized Vehicles ● ● ID System and Procedures for Authorized Parking (If Applicable) ○ ○ Adequate Ligh ng for Parking Areas ○ ○ Closed Circuit Television (CCTV)
From page 69...
... Security Countermeasures 69 building's owner. In such circumstances, the transit agency should participate in decisions regarding the appropriate levels of security and also engage in contractual negotiations as needed to ensure that agency personnel and properties are adequately protected.
From page 70...
... 70 Policing and Security Practices for Small- and Medium-Sized Public Transit Systems The survey results shown below confirm that 20 years later these types of quasi-crime, offenses or disorder continue to have the highest and most adverse security impact on small- and medium-sized agencies (see Figure 7.6)
From page 71...
... Security Countermeasures 71 respondents) , reported experiencing a bomb threat or other homeland security-related threat against transit properties in the previous year.
From page 72...
... 72 Policing and Security Practices for Small- and Medium-Sized Public Transit Systems given for opting for one of these types of solutions. As mentioned in Chapter 6, typically small- and medium-sized agencies depend exclusively upon local law enforcement random patrol for security support.
From page 73...
... Security Countermeasures 73 Entrances/exits The CCTV cameras should be placed to view pedestrian and vehicular entrances and exits. There may be mulple entrances and exits that may require camera view at each locaon.

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