Alternative Quality Management Systems for Highway Construction (2015) / Chapter Skim
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CHAPTER 3 : QUALITY ASSURANCE ORGANIZATIONS 3.1 Introduction Quality Assurance Organizations (QAOs) in the highway industry have been evolving since the 1960s.
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3.3 Quality Assurance Organization (QAO) Presentation Each QAO is graphically represented using the generic QAO framework, shown in Figure 3-1.
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3.4 Fundamental Highway QAOs The five fundamental QAOs for the highway construction and design industry identified by this research are listed below: Deterministic – The traditional approach to quality within the highway industry. The agency retains all project quality roles, responsibilities and activities.
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the ability to build quality into the final product beginning at the design stage instead of inspecting it at a later stage. (Desai and Mital 2009)
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Project Acceptance Construction Acceptance Design Acceptance Design Quality Control Construction Quality Control Design Released for Construction Construction Released for Final Payment Quality Assurance Designer's Responsibility Owner's Responsibility Constructor's Responsibility Owner's Responsibility Independent Assurance (if req'd) - functional audit -physical audit Independent Assurance (if req'd)
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applied to CMGC if the scope of preconstruction work for the contractor was limited to items not directly relating to the design: cost estimates and project scheduling. In contrast, the Deterministic QAO is not well suited for a DB project.
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Figure 3-4 graphically depicts the Assurance QAO as applied to a dual contract project (separate contracts for the designer and the contractor)
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Another variation on the Assurance QAO used DB projects is the shared variation. This variation shares the responsibilities for design acceptance and construction acceptance between the owner and the design builder, shown in Figure 3-6.
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Project Acceptance Construction Acceptance Design Acceptance Design Quality Control Construction Quality Control Design Released for Construction Construction Released for Final Payment Independent Assurance (if req'd) - functional audit -physical audit Quality Assurance Independent Assurance (if req'd)
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resources must then be focused on the quality requirements within the contract not on the detailed technical details of the project. While the variation in Figure 3-8 results in a proactive approach to construction quality, it results in a reactive approach to design quality by the agency maintaining control of the design acceptance function.
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Design Quality Control Construction Quality Control Construction Acceptance Design Acceptance Design Builder's Responsibility Figure 3-9 – Variable QAO, agency has complete design quality responsibility The Variable QAO construction assurance variation has been implemented on Design-Build projects as shown in Figure 3-7. Currently there are no examples from the data showing that the design assurance variation is in use in the industry.
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Project Acceptance Construction Acceptance Design Acceptance Design Quality Control Construction Quality Control Design Released for Construction Construction Released for Final Payment Independent Assurance (if req'd) - functional audit -physical audit Quality Assurance Independent Assurance (if req'd)
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to learn how to perform this function. While the agency always ultimately has the risk for quality on a project, in the Oversight QAO, quality risk shifts to the designer and the contractor.
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for design, construction, operations, and maintenance, there is a shift in financial liabilities, which also pertains to the shift of the quality responsibilities (Gransberg et al.
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is hired jointly by the concessionaire and the agency to perform not only owner verification testing but also independent assurance and any other quality acceptance activities that are now part of the concessionaire's responsibility, but the agency pays for 100% of owner verification testing. Notice that even the decision of accepting design for construction and accepting construction for final payment is a responsibility of the concessionaire due to the financial liability of the concessionaire to correct any design or construction deficiencies during the operations and maintenance period (Gransberg et al.
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Table 3-1 – Roles and responsibilities of the five fundamental QAOs Quality Assurance Organization Design Acceptance Design QC Construction Acceptance Construction QC Deterministic Agency Agency Agency Contractor Assurance Agency Designer Agency Contractor Variable Designer Designer Agency Contractor Oversight Designer Designer Contractor Contractor Acceptance Concessionaire Concessionaire Concessionaire Concessionaire Further investigation of each of the organizations was conducted to identify the approach to quality, the level of owner control, and the delivery methods for which it is applicable. The approach to quality was expressed as reactive, heavily focused on final product inspections; or proactive, building quality into the process.
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During the reduction process there were some common traits/factors observed among all of the QAO models.
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